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List of presidents of Portugal

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The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime.

This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as presidents of the Republic, usually being prime ministers, but de facto accumulated this function, thus combining in practice head of state and head of government in one person.

See the notes for more information.

Election terms

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The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first president, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga.

However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.

Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term with the possibility of running for a second consecutive term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.

The official residence of the president of Portugal is the Belém Palace.

The current president of the Portuguese Republic is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election and re-elected in the 2021 presidential election.

Presidents

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The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
     No party/Independent

First Republic (1910–1926)

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No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
- Teófilo Braga[1]
(1843–1924) 		— 5 October 1910 24 August 1911 Republican [2]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1 Manuel de Arriaga
(1840–1917) 		1911 24 August 1911 26 May 1915[R] Republican
later Democratic[3] 		[4][3]
2 Teófilo Braga
(1843–1924) 		May
1915 		29 May 1915 5 October 1915 Democratic[5] [4][5]
3 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944) 		August
1915 		5 October 1915 5 December 1917[C] Democratic[6] [4][6]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Sidónio Pais 		— 12 December 1917 28 April 1918 – [4][7]
4 Sidónio Pais[8]
(1872–1918) 		April
1918 		28 April 1918 14 December 1918[A] National Republican
or "Sidonist"[7] 		[4][7]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: João do Canto e Castro 		— 14 December 1918 16 December 1918 – [9]
5 João do Canto e Castro[10]
(1862–1934) 		December
1918 		16 December 1918 5 October 1919 National Republican
or "Sidonist"[11] 		[4][11]
6 António José de Almeida
(1866–1929) 		1919 5 October 1919 5 October 1923 Evolutionist Party
later Republican Liberal[12] 		[4][12]
7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes
(1860–1941) 		1923 5 October 1923 11 December 1925[R] Democratic[13] [4][13]
8 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)
2nd time 		1925 11 December 1925 31 May 1926[C] Democratic[6] [4][6]

Second Republic (1926–1974)

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No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9 José Mendes Cabeçadas[14]
(1883–1965) 		— 31 May 1926 17 June 1926[C] Military officer[15] [4][15]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Manuel Gomes da Costa 		— 17 June 1926 29 June 1926 – [16]
10 Manuel Gomes da Costa[14]
(1863–1929) 		— 29 June 1926 9 July 1926[C] Military officer[17] [4][17]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Óscar Carmona 		— 9 July 1926 16 November 1926 – [4][18]
11 Óscar Carmona[14][19]
(1869–1951) 		— 16 November 1926 15 April 1928 Military officer [4][18]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
Óscar Carmona
(1869–1951) 		1928 15 April 1928 26 April 1935 Military officer
from 1932
National Union 		[4][18]
1935 26 April 1935 15 April 1942
1942 15 April 1942 20 April 1949
1949 20 April 1949 18 April 1951[D]
- António de Oliveira Salazar[20]
(1889–1970)
(interim) 		— 18 April 1951 21 July 1951 National Union [21]
12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes
(1894–1964) 		1951 21 July 1951 9 August 1958 National Union [4][22]
13 Américo Tomás
(1894–1987) 		1958 9 August 1958 9 August 1965 National Union
from 1970
People's National Action 		[4][23]
1965 9 August 1965 9 August 1972
1972 9 August 1972 25 April 1974[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

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No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
- National Salvation Junta[24]
President: António de Spínola 		— 25 April 1974 15 May 1974 – [25]
14
António de Spínola (1974).png
 António de Spínola
(1910–1996) 		— 15 May 1974 30 September 1974[R] Military officer [4][25]
15
Francisco Costa Gomes Roma 1975.jpg
 Francisco da Costa Gomes
(1914–2001) 		— 30 September 1974 14 July 1976 Military officer [4][26]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16
Ramalho Eanes (1983-09-14) (cropped).png
 António Ramalho Eanes
(born 1935) 		1976 14 July 1976 14 January 1981 Military officer
from 1985
Democratic Renewal 		[4][27]
1980 14 January 1981 9 March 1986
17
Mário Soares par Claude Truong-Ngoc 1978.png
 Mário Soares
(1924–2017) 		1986 9 March 1986 9 March 1991 Socialist [4][28]
1991 9 March 1991 9 March 1996
18
Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg
 Jorge Sampaio
(1939–2021) 		1996 9 March 1996 9 March 2001 Socialist [4][29]
2001 9 March 2001 9 March 2006
19
Cavaco Silva (2014-06-05), cropped.png
 Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(born 1939) 		2006 9 March 2006 9 March 2011 Social Democratic [4][30]
2011 9 March 2011 9 March 2016
20
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Web Summit).jpg
 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
(born 1948) 		2016 9 March 2016 9 March 2021 Social Democratic [31]
2021 9 March 2021 Incumbent
  • Left office early:
[A] Assassinated.
[D] Died in office of natural causes.
[R] Resigned.
[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

Timeline

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Portugal Timeline of Presidents of Portugal (1910–present)
Marcelo Rebelo de SousaCavaco SilvaJorge SampaioMário SoaresAntónio Ramalho EanesCosta GomesAntónio de SpínolaAmérico TomásCraveiro LopesAntónio de Oliveira SalazarÓscar CarmonaGomes da CostaMendes CabeçadasManuel Teixeira GomesAntónio José de AlmeidaCanto e CastroSidónio PaisBernardino MachadoManuel de ArriagaTeófilo Braga

Birthplaces

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class=notpageimage|
Birthplaces of the presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Not shown are Manuel de Arriaga (born in Horta, Azores, Portugal), Teófilo Braga (born in Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal), and Bernardino Machado (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Presidents by time in office

[edit]
Rank by
length
of terms		 President Length by
time served		 Number of
terms		 Party
1 Óscar Carmona 24 years, 286 days 5 National Union
2 Américo Tomás 15 years, 259 days 3 National Union
3 Mário Soares 10 years, 0 days 2 Socialist
Jorge Sampaio 10 years, 0 days 2 Socialist
Aníbal Cavaco Silva 10 years, 0 days 2 Social Democratic
4 António Ramalho Eanes 9 years, 238 days 2 Independent
5 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 8 years, 241 days (Incumbent) 2 Social Democratic
6 Francisco Craveiro Lopes 7 years, 0 days 1 National Union
7 António José de Almeida 4 years, 0 days 1 Evolutionist Party
8 Manuel de Arriaga 3 years, 278 days 1 Democratic
9 Bernardino Machado 2 years, 239 days 2 Democratic
10 Manuel Teixeira Gomes 2 year, 67 days 1 Democratic
11 Francisco da Costa Gomes 1 year, 288 days 1 Independent
12 Teófilo Braga 1 year, 87 days 1 Democratic
13 Sidónio Pais 1 year, 2 days 1 National Republican
14 João do Canto e Castro 295 days 1 National Republican
15 António de Spínola 158 days 1 Independent
16 António de Oliveira Salazar 93 days 1 National Union
17 Manuel Gomes da Costa 22 days 1 Independent
178 José Mendes Cabeçadas 17 days 1 Independent

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
  2. ^ "MRP - Teófilo Braga". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  3. ^ a b "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  6. ^ a b c d "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  7. ^ a b c "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  8. ^ After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
  9. ^ "Lei Nº 833, de 16 de Dezembro de 1918" (PDF). www.parlamento.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  10. ^ Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
  11. ^ a b "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  12. ^ a b "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  13. ^ a b "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  14. ^ a b c Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
  15. ^ a b "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  16. ^ "MRP - Manuel Gomes da Costa". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  17. ^ a b "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  18. ^ a b c "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  19. ^ Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
  20. ^ António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
  21. ^ Alves, Maria Teixeira (2016-12-28). "Site da Presidência exclui Salazar da lista de Presidentes da República". www.jornaleconomico.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  22. ^ "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  23. ^ "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  24. ^ Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
  25. ^ a b "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  26. ^ "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  27. ^ "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  28. ^ "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  29. ^ "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  30. ^ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  31. ^ "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.

References

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  • Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias (ed.). Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • "Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
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