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Injera

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For the Kenyan rugby player, see Collins Injera.
Injera
Beyaynetu: Meal consisting of injera and several kinds of wat or tsebhi (stew) is typical of Ethiopian cuisine.
TypeFlatbread or pancake
Place of origin
Region or stateEast Africa
Main ingredientsTeff flour (or sometimes wheat, barley, millet, sorghum, corn, or rice flour)
Food energy
(per 100 g serving)
131 kcal (548 kJ)[3]
Nutritional value
(per 100 g serving)
Protein4.95 g
Fat1.26 g
Carbohydrate25 g

Injera (Amharic: እንጀራ, romanized: ənǧära, [ɨndʒəra]; Tigrinya: ጣይታ, romanized: ṭayta; Oromo: budeena) is a sour fermented pancake-like flatbread with a slightly spongy texture, traditionally made of teff flour. In Ethiopia and Eritrea,[1][2] injera is a staple. Injera is central to the dining process in Amhara community, like bread or rice elsewhere and is usually stored in the mesob.[4][5][6]

Ingredients

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Further information: Eragrostis tef

Traditionally, injera is made with just two ingredients: teff flour and water. Teff flour is ground from the grains of Eragrostis tef, also known as teff, a cereal crop from the Ethiopian Highlands.[7] Teff production is limited to certain middle elevations with adequate rainfall and is a low-yield crop,[8] so it is relatively expensive for the average farming household. Many farmers in the Ethiopian highlands grow their own subsistence grains, so wheat, barley, corn, or rice flour are sometimes used to replace the teff content. Teff seeds are graded according to color, used to make different kinds of injera: nech (white), key or quey (red), and sergegna (mixed).[8] When teff is not available, injera is made by fermenting a variety of different grains, including barley, millet, and sorghum.[9] Teff, however, is the preferred grain for making injera, primarily because of its sensory attributes (color, smell, taste).[8] Teff flour is gluten-free.

Preparation

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Batter is poured rapidly in a spiral from the outside inwards. Debre Markos, Ethiopia.

To make injera, teff flour is mixed with water. The fermentation process is started by adding ersho, a clear, yellow liquid that accumulates on the surface of fermenting teff flour batter and is collected from previous fermentations. The aerobic microbial flora of ersho contains spores of Bacillus species (unable to grow at the low pH of 3.5) and several yeasts (in order of abundance): Candida milleri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia naganishii and Debaromyces hansenii.[10][8] The mixture is then allowed to ferment for an average of two to three days, giving it a mildly sour taste.

Making

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Baking method

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The baking method for injera has changed little since its origin. Traditionally, the flour is mixed with water and fermented. It is baked by pouring the mixture onto a large circular griddle, known as a mitad.

Injera being cooked on a griddle.

The injera is baked into large, flat and round pieces. The dough's viscosity allows it to be poured onto the baking surface, rather than rolled out.

In terms of shape, injera compares to the French crêpe and the Indian dosa as a flatbread cooked in a circle and used as a base for other foods. In taste and texture, it is more similar to the South Indian appam. The bottom surface of the injera, which touches the heating surface, has a relatively smooth texture, while the top is porous. This porous texture makes injera good for scooping up sauces and dishes.

Baking surface

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Baking is done on a circular griddle—either a large black clay plate over a fire or a specialized electric stove. The griddle is known as a mitad (ምጣድ) (in Amharic) or mogogo (ሞጎጎ) (in Tigrinya). Mitads have been found at archaeological sites dating back as far as 600 AD.[9] Nowadays, mitads are no longer always made out of clay, and can also be electric.

Traditional clay stoves can be inefficient in that they consume large amounts of firewood and produce a lot of smoke, creating household pollution and making them dangerous to use around children.[11] In 2003, an Eritrean research group designed a stove for cooking injera and other foods that uses more easily available fuel, such as twigs instead of large branches, crop residues and dung, locally called kubet.[12] Several parts of this new stove are made in the central cities of Ethiopia and Eritrea, while other parts are moulded from clay by women in local areas.[12]

Woman checking the baking of an injera in her house. Gheralta, Ethiopia.

Many women in urban areas—especially those living outside Ethiopia and Eritrea—now use electric injera stoves, which are topped with a large metal plate, or simply non-stick frying pans.

Consumption and contemporary use

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Injera showing typical spongy texture

In Ethiopia and Eritrea, a variety of stews, salads (during Ethiopian Orthodox fasting, for which believers abstain from most animal products), and more injera (called injera firfir) are placed on the injera for serving. Using one's hand (traditionally only the right one),[13][14] small pieces of injera are torn and used to grasp the stews and salads for eating. The injera under these stews soaks up the juices and flavors of the foods, and after the stews and salads are gone, this bread is also consumed. Injera is thus simultaneously a food, eating utensil, and plate. When the entire "tablecloth" of injera is gone, the meal is over.

In Ethiopia and Eritrea, injera is eaten daily in virtually every household. Outside of Ethiopia and Eritrea, injera may be found in grocery stores and restaurants specializing in Ethiopian and Eritrean cooking.

Left: An injera stove. Right: Freshly-baked injera.

Injera is the most important component of food in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is often both the serving platter and utensil for a meal. Hearty stews such as wat are placed on top of the bread and then the meal is eaten by tearing pieces of injera off and scooping up the stews.[9][15] While injera's literal use as the base and staple of any Ethiopian and Eritrean meal has not changed since its creation, its symbolic value has changed. Different varieties of injera can be found in the highlands vis-à-vis the lowlands of Ethiopia. In the lowlands, injera is often made with sorghum and in the highlands it is more commonly made with barley.[5] Either way, because it is made with something other than teff, its symbolic value has already decreased compared to the symbolic value of injera made with teff. There are symbolic value differences with types of teff as well. White-grained teff is more expensive to buy and thus symbolizes a higher status than its cheaper counterpart, red-grained teff.[5]

Outside Ethiopia and Eritrea

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There are similar variants to injera in other African countries, namely Sudan and Chad. The variant eaten in South Sudan, Sudan and Chad is known as kisra.[16] It is increasingly popular in Israel due to immigration of Ethiopian Jews. In Kenya, a variant of injera is eaten by the Borana living in the Northern parts of Kenya.

United States

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A bag of retail teff flour

Injera became more common in the United States during a spike in Ethiopian immigration in the 1980s and 1990s,[17] largely because of the Refugee Act passed in 1980.[18] Teff flour is now being produced in the United States by several companies, making teff more accessible to expatriate Ethiopians.[19] In America, it is often cooked on an aluminum lefse grill.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Clarkson, Janet (2013). Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 1293. ISBN 978-1-4422-2715-6.
  2. ^ a b Cauvain, Stanley P.; Young, Linda S. (2009). The ICC Handbook of Cereals, Flour, Dough & Product Testing: Methods and Applications. DEStech Publications, Inc. p. 216. ISBN 9781932078992. Injera is the fermented pancake-like flatbread, which originated in Ethiopia.
  3. ^ "Calories in 100 g of Injera (American-Style Ethiopian Bread) and Nutrition Facts".
  4. ^ Shinn, David (29 March 2004). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8108-6566-2.
  5. ^ a b c Lyons, Diane; D' Andrea, A. Catherine (September 2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia". American Anthropologist. 105 (3): 515–530. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. JSTOR 3566902.
  6. ^ Mekonnen, Yohannes (29 January 2013). Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture. Yohannes Mekonnen. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-4823-1117-4.
  7. ^ Jones, Wilbert (2010). "A Taste of Ethiopian Cuisine". Computers & Applied Sciences Complete: 55–56.
  8. ^ a b c d Bart, Minten; Seyoum, Taffesse, Alemayehu; Petra, Brown (19 July 2018). The economics of teff: Exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 9780896292833.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Kloman, Harry (2010). Mesob Across America: Ethiopian Food in the U.S.A. New York: IUniverse.
  10. ^ Ashenafi, M. (1994). "Microbial flora and some chemical properties of ersho, a starter for teff (Eragrostis tef) fermentation". World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 10 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1007/BF00357567. PMID 24420890. S2CID 25062764.
  11. ^ Diehl, Jan Carel; Jones, Robin; Verwaal, Martin (4 May 2017). "The Development of an Energy Efficient Electric Mitad for Baking Injeras in Ethiopia". 2017 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE). pp. 75–82. doi:10.23919/DUE.2017.7931827. ISBN 978-0-9946759-2-7. S2CID 42098925.
  12. ^ a b "Ashden awards: REC (formerly ERTC), Eritrea – Local construction of efficient stoves". Ashden. 2003. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  13. ^ Bhandari, Aparita (15 March 2017). "How to Eat: Ethiopian cuisine is hands-on". Toronto Star. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  14. ^ McManus, Chris (2004). Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures. Harvard University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780674016132. Other Bantu languages mostly talked about the 'eating hand' and, [...]
  15. ^ Sokolov, Raymond (1993). "The Teff Also Rises". Natural History. 102 (3): 96.
  16. ^ Burdett, Avani (2012). Delicatessen Cookbook – Burdett's Delicatessen Recipes: How to make and sell Continental & World Cuisine foods. Springwood emedia. ISBN 9781476144627.
  17. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2008". Department of Homeland Security. 4 May 2016. ISSN 0743-538X. OCLC 7063193. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  18. ^ Chacko, Elizabeth (2003). "Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington". Geographical Review. 93 (4). American Geographical Society: 491–506. Bibcode:2003GeoRv..93..491C. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00044.x. JSTOR 30033939. S2CID 145226876.
  19. ^ Weil, Josh (1 August 2007). "To Ethiopians in America, Bread is a Taste of Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

Further reading

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