List of Harry Potter translations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RIAN_archive_168852_The_seventh_book_about_Harry_Potter_goes_on_sale.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_168852_The_seventh_book_about_Harry_Potter_goes_on_sale.jpg)
The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, being available in 85 languages. This includes languages with fewer than a million speakers such as Basque, Greenlandic, and Welsh, as well as the Classical languages Latin and Ancient Greek. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan.
For reasons of secrecy, translations were only allowed to begin after each book had been published in English, creating a lag of several months for readers of other languages. Impatient fans in many places simply bought the book in English instead. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix became the first English language book to top France's best-seller list. In some cases, fans have created their own unofficial translations, either ahead of a licensed translation or when a licensed translation is unavailable.
Issues arising in the translation of Harry Potter include cultural references, riddles, anticipating future plot points, and Rowling's creative names for characters and other elements in the magical world which often involve word play and phonology.
Translation process
[edit]For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with Rowling's agents, The Blair Partnership.[1] The publishers select translators locally.[citation needed]
So as to prevent plots being leaked, translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France.[2] In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised "Operation Feather", deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series.[3] This has also caused unauthorised translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries.[citation needed]
The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation.[citation needed] In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time.[citation needed] Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. Golyshev was renowned for his translations of William Faulkner and George Orwell,[4] and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature.[citation needed] The Turkish translation of books two to five was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.[5]
In 2017, Bloomsbury celebrated the series' 20th anniversary with an announcement that it had been officially translated into 79 languages.[6] Since 2017, Bloomsbury has published or licensed translations into Scots,[7][8] Hawaiian,[9] Belarusian,[10] Kazakh,[11] Yiddish,[12] and Māori.[13]
Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took about a year to complete.[14]
List of translations by language
[edit]The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the series has been translated into several local languages; sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and Portugal).
Language | Country | Publisher(s) and distributor(s) | Translator(s) | Title(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English (original version) |
|
| |||
Afrikaans | ![]() |
Human & Rousseau (pty) Ltd.[24] |
|
| |
Albanian | ![]() ![]() |
Publishing House Dituria[27] | Amik Kasoruho |
| |
Arabic | ![]() (Translation origin: ![]() |
Nahdet Misr[28] |
| ||
Armenian | ![]() |
Zangak[30] | |||
Asturian | ![]() ![]() |
Trabe[36] | Xesús González Rato |
| |
Azerbaijani | ![]() |
Qanun[37] | |||
Basque |
|
Elkarlanean[46] | Iñaki Mendiguren (I-VII) |
| |
Belarusian | Januskevic[10][47] | Alena Piatrovič[10][47] | |||
Bengali | Ankur Prakashani[49] |
|
| ||
Bosnian | ![]() |
Buybook[51][52][53][54][55] | Mirjana Evtov[56][53][54][55] | ||
Breton | ![]() ![]() |
An Amzer[60][61] |
| ||
Bulgarian | ![]() |
Egmont Group[63] |
|
| |
Catalan |
|
| |||
Chinese (Simplified) | ![]() |
People's Literature Publishing House (人民文学出版社); |
| ||
Chinese (Traditional) | Crown Publishing Company Ltd (皇冠出版社)[70] |
|
| ||
Croatian | ![]() |
first translation |
| ||
Algoritam |
| ||||
second translation | |||||
Mozaik knjiga[71] |
| ||||
Czech | ![]() |
Albatros[72] |
|
| |
Danish | ![]() |
Gyldendal[74] | Hanna Lützen |
| |
Dutch | Standaard Uitgeverij / Uitgeverij De Harmonie[75] | Wiebe Buddingh' |
| ||
Estonian | ![]() |
Varrak Publishers[76] |
|
| |
Faroese | ![]() |
Bókadeild Føroya Lærarafelags[77] |
|
| |
Filipino | ![]() |
Lampara Books[78] | Becky Bravo |
| |
Finnish | ![]() |
Tammi | Jaana Kapari-Jatta[79] |
| |
French | Éditions Gallimard | Jean-François Ménard[80] (plus the school books[81]) |
| ||
West Frisian | ![]() ![]() |
Uitgeverij Bornmeer[82] | Jetske Bilker |
| |
Galician | ![]() ![]() |
Editorial Galaxia |
|
| |
Georgian | ![]() |
Bakur Sulakauri[83] Publishing |
|
| |
German | Carlsen Verlag | Klaus Fritz |
| ||
Low German | ![]() |
Verlag Michael Jung |
| ||
Ancient Greek | Bloomsbury | Andrew Wilson (I)[86][87] |
| ||
Modern Greek | Psichogios Publications[88] |
|
| ||
Greenlandic | ![]() |
Atuakkiorfik Greenland Publishers[89] | Stephen Hammeken |
| |
Gujarati | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[91][92] |
Jagruti Trivedi[92] |
||
Hawaiian | ![]() ![]() |
Evertype[9] | R. Keao NeSmith[9] |
| |
Hebrew | ![]() |
Miskal Ltd. (Yedioth Ahronoth and Sifrey Hemed)[93] / Books in the Attic Ltd.[94] | Gili Bar-Hillel[95] |
| |
Hindi | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[96] | Sudhir Dixit[97] (I-VII) |
| |
Hungarian | ![]() |
Animus Publishing[98] | Tóth Tamás Boldizsár |
| |
Icelandic | ![]() |
Bjartur[99] |
|
| |
Indonesian | ![]() |
Kompas Gramedia Group[100] | Listiana Srisanti[101] (I-VII) |
| |
Irish | Bloomsbury | Máire Nic Mhaoláin (I) |
| ||
Italian | Adriano Salani Editore[102] |
Illustrated by Serena Riglietti |
| ||
Japanese | ![]() |
Say-zan-sha Publications Ltd.[103] | Yuko Matsuoka (松岡 佑子, Matsuoka Yūko)[104] |
| |
Khmer | ![]() |
Cambodia Daily Press[105][106] | Un Tim |
| |
Kazakh | ![]() |
Steppe & World[11][108][109][110] | |||
Korean | ![]() |
Moonhak Soochup Publishing Co.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] [119][120][121][122][123][124][125] |
first translation | ||
second translation | |||||
Latin | Bloomsbury[126] | Peter Needham[126] (I-II) |
| ||
Latvian | ![]() |
Jumava[127] |
|
| |
Lithuanian | ![]() |
Alma littera[128] | Zita Marienė |
| |
Luxembourgish | ![]() |
Kairos Edition[129] | Florence Berg (I-II)
Guy Berg (II) |
| |
Macedonian | ![]() |
first translation |
| ||
Publishing House Kultura (I-V)[130] Mladinska kniga Skopje (VI-VII)[131][130] |
|||||
second translation | |||||
libi (sub. of Ars Lamina) (I)[132][133] Ars Libris (sub. of Ars Lamina) (II-V)[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] |
|||||
Malay | ![]() |
Pelangi Books[128][142] |
| ||
Malayalam | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[143] |
| ||
Māori | ![]() |
Auckland University Press[13] |
Leon Blake[13] |
| |
Marathi | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[128] |
|
||
Mongolian | ![]() |
first translation | |||
Nepko Publishing |
Д.Аюуш & Д.Батбаяр[153] |
||||
second translation | |||||
Monsudar[154][155][156][157][158][159][160] | Н. Энхнаран[154][155][156][157][161][159][160] | ||||
Nepali | ![]() |
Sunbird Publishing House[162][163] |
|
| |
Norwegian | ![]() |
N. W. Damm & Søn[164] | Torstein Bugge Høverstad |
| |
Occitan | Per Noste Edicions[165][166] |
|
| ||
Persian | ![]() |
Tandis Books |
| ||
Polish | ![]() |
Media Rodzina[169] | Andrzej Polkowski |
| |
European Portuguese | ![]() |
Editorial Presença[128] |
|
| |
Brazilian Portuguese | ![]() |
Editora Rocco Ltda.[170] |
| ||
Romanian | first translation | ||||
Egmont Group[128] | |||||
second translation | |||||
Arthur[175] (second translation) | |||||
Russian | ![]() |
first translation |
| ||
Rosman Publishing[180] (first translation) | |||||
second translation[note 4] | |||||
Azbooka-Atticus: Machaon[182][183] | Maria Spivak (I-VII)[184] | ||||
Scots | ![]() ![]() |
| |||
Serbian |
|
|
| ||
Sinhala | ![]() |
Sarasavi Publishers (Pvt) Ltd[192] |
|
| |
Slovak | ![]() |
Ikar[193] |
|
| |
Slovene | ![]() |
Mladinska knjiga[128] |
|
| |
Spanish |
|
Emecé Editores (I-II) Ediciones Salamandra (all titles; re-printings of I and II)[195] |
|
| |
Swedish | Tiden Young Books[196] / Rabén & Sjögren[197] | Lena Fries-Gedin[197] |
| ||
Tamil | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[198] | PSV Kumarasamy (I-II) |
| |
Telugu | ![]() |
Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[199] | M. S. B. P. N. V. Rama Sundari |
| |
Thai | ![]() |
Nanmee Books[200] |
|
| |
Tibetan | ![]() |
Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang |
| ||
Turkish | ![]() |
first translation | |||
Dost Kitabevi |
|
| |||
second translation | |||||
Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık[205] |
|
||||
Ukrainian | ![]() |
A-BA-BA-HA-LA-MA-HA[128] |
|
| |
Urdu | ![]() |
Oxford University Press[214] | Darakhshanda Asghar Khokhar[214][215] (I-IV) |
| |
Vietnamese | ![]() |
Youth Publishing House[216] | Lý Lan |
| |
Welsh | ![]() ![]() |
Bloomsbury[128] | Emily Huws[217] (I) |
| |
Yiddish | Olniansky Tekst[218] | Arun Schaechter Viswanath[218] (I) |
|
Unauthorised translations
[edit]The impatience of the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised or pirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and sold illegally. The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and riddled with errors.
A team translated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows into Chinese three days after its English release. A director at People's Literature Publishing House, who obtained the official license, worried that the unauthorised translations would lead to the spread of pirated copies.[219]
One notable case involved a French 16-year-old who published serialised translations of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows online. He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official translation.[220]
Another example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version.[221]
Another case involved the Internet fan translation community, Harry auf Deutsch, formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly.[222] The German publisher of the Harry Potter books, Carlsen Verlag, filed a cease and desist against the fan translators; they complied, taking down the translations.[223]
In some countries, where there were no authorised translations into the local language, translations not sanctioned by J. K. Rowling were prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, in Sri Lanka, where the books had been unofficially translated into Sinhala and possibly into Tamil.[224] Authorised translations into both Sinhala and Tamil have since been published.[192][198]
In Iran, several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently.[225] Iran is not a member of the Universal Copyright Convention, so publishers are not prosecuted for publishing foreign books without respecting copyright or paying royalties.[226]
A team consisting of seven Esperantist volunteers completed the translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone into Esperanto (under the title Hari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj) in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An online petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals.[227]
Agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public.[228]
Fake translations
[edit]Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong which was written and published in China in 2002, before the release of the fifth book in Rowling's series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
Other fake Harry Potter books written in Chinese include Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll (哈利・波特与瓷娃娃 or Hālì Bōtè yǔ Cíwáwa), Harry Potter and the Golden Turtle, and Harry Potter and the Crystal Vase.[229] In August 2007, The New York Times noted that the publication of Rowling's Deathly Hallows had inspired "a surge of peculiarly Chinese imitations," and included plot synopses and excerpts from a number of derivative works, among them Harry Potter and the Chinese Overseas Students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and Harry Potter and the Big Funnel. [230] In 2003, legal pressure from the licensors of Harry Potter led an Indian publisher to stop publication of Harry Potter in Calcutta, a work in which Harry meets figures from Bengali literature.[231]
Regional adaptations
[edit]It is a common practice within the publishing industry to make minor changes in the text of books written in one region for publication in other regions.[citation needed] For example, there are a number of differences in British and American English spelling conventions; generally publishers change the spellings to conform to the expectations of their target market. Adaptation may also extend to vocabulary or grammatical choices that might impair legibility or impart some cognitive dissonance. Readers usually would not be aware of the adaptations, but the choice to change the title of the American edition of the first Harry Potter book from Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone highlighted the practice and drew considerable attention.[citation needed]
The book's title was changed due to the American publisher's concern that children would be confused by a reference to philosophy. Other translations have also changed the first book's title, for instance, the French translation which changed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to Harry Potter at the School of Wizards for the same reason as the American translation, citing that the reference to the Philosopher's stone legend was "too obscure for a book aimed at the youth."[232]
Other translations also have regional adaptations that have largely gone without much notice. The Spanish translation has been adapted to three regions: Europe, Latin America and Southern Cone.[233] Others translations have adaptations that were published seemingly to enhance the identity of minority communities of speakers: Montenegrin (an adaptation of Serbian) and Valencian (an adaptation of Catalan). It is worth noting that some translations were completed when adaptations possibly would have been sufficient; for example, any of the Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian translations could have been adapted for each region.[citation needed]
A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon website.[234] The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect the different dialects and prevent American readers from stumbling over unfamiliar Briticisms. Although it is common to adapt any text from British to American editions,[235] in the case of the Harry Potter books, this standard practice has drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series.[236] Rowling herself expressed regret over changing the first book's title, as the Philosopher's stone is a legendary alchemical substance.
In an Associated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about:
Rowling pretended to bang her head against the sofa in mock frustration. "SO much has been made of that," she groans, noting that it was only done where words had been used that really meant something very different to Americans. Her American editor pointed out that the word jumper – British for pullover sweater – means a kind of dress in American. She had had no idea. "He asked, 'Can we change it to sweater,' which is just as British?" That was fine with Rowling.[237]
Publisher Arthur Levine of Scholastic explained the changes in an interview with The New Yorker:
I wasn't trying to, quote, "Americanize" them... What I was trying to do is translate, which I think is different. I wanted to make sure that an American kid reading the book would have the same literary experience that a British kid would have.[238]
The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more recognizable British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking."[238]
Difficulties in translation
[edit]The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes, invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text.
Translation strategies
[edit]The books carried a number of words that are considered loaded names by linguists and translators, meaning that they carry a semantic load, and that their morphology (structure) and phonology (sound) need to be adapted when translating them to a foreign language, for example the house names (Ravenclaw = raven + claw), or Voldemort's name ("flight of death" or "theft of death" in French).[239] These words were translated in different countries using several translation strategies, such as copying the names with no attempt to transmit the original English meaning, transliterating even if the name lost its original meaning, replacing the name with another given name from the target language, or translating the name using native words that conveyed the same meaning.[239][240] For example, in the Russian first book the transliterating strategy was used for some names because the "th" sound does not exist in Russian, so "Slytherin" was transliterated as "Slizerin". The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and she renamed the houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" (from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'"). In the Italian editions, the house names were changed to animal-colour pairings: Gryffindor is "Grifondoro" ("grifon d'oro" means "golden griffin"), Slytherin is "Serpeverde" ("serpe verde" means "green snake"), Ravenclaw was, in the first edition of the first book, "Pecoranera" ("pecora nera", "black sheep"), but was then changed to "Corvonero" ("corvo nero", "black raven") and Hufflepuff is "Tassorosso" ("tasso rosso", "red badger") in the first translation and the films and "Tassofrasso" in the revisited translation.[241] In the French translation, the name "Hogwarts" is changed to "Poudlard", which means "bacon lice",[242] roughly maintaining the original idea of warts of a hog.
Marketers of Harry Potter-themed toys pressured translators not to change the names of people and things so that they could call the toys by the same name in different countries.[243]
Culture and language
[edit]Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. For the Hebrew translation, some of the Christian references were changed, because Israelis have less familiarity with cultural Christianity than readers elsewhere: a scene in which Sirius Black sings a parody of "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" replaced the song with a parody of "Mi Y'malel," a Chanukah song;[95] on the other hand, in the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath retained all the Christian references, feeling that his readership would be familiar enough with them.[12] In the French translation, explanations of certain features of British schools unfamiliar to French students were inserted in the dialogues (e.g., "Prefect" and "Head Boy"), but they were not distinguished from explanations in the original text of differences between ordinary British schools and wizarding schools. This could mislead readers into thinking that these features of the house and boarding systems did not exist in real-world British schools.[244]
Nonstandard English present in the book also had to be given careful consideration. The character Rubeus Hagrid's West Country dialect, for example, needed to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang.[245] In the Japanese translation, he speaks in the Tōhoku dialect, which to a Japanese reader conveys a similar provincial feel.[246][247] The same was done in Ukrainian translation where Hagrid speaks a mixture of Western Ukrainian dialects.[248] In the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath attempted to mirror Rowling's use of regional British dialects using Yiddish dialects.
"I tried to transpose the wizarding world onto a map of the Yiddish-speaking world" — pre World War II — "without making the characters Jewish. Filch speaks in a thick Lithuanian Yiddish accent and doesn’t pronounce the 'sh' sound, so he says sabes instead of shabes, and Hagrid, who despises him and speaks a very distinct rural English, speaks in a thick, almost exaggerated Polish Yiddish. I thought this was a good approach because it helps show the tension between them. As for Snape and McGonagall, well, they’re Litvaks. They just are."[12]
Some translations changed foods that appeared in the book into foods more common in the culture of their target audience in order to be more recognisable and relatable. The Hebrew translation of the scene where Dumbledore offers Professor McGonagall a lemon sherbet had him offer her a Krembo, a popular Israeli treat, instead. According to the Hebrew translator, "the point of the lemon sherbets is to tell us something about Dumbledore’s character in that this wise old wizard with a long white beard carries around a children’s treat in his pocket. The equivalent children’s dessert in Israel is the krembo. If I’d translated it as a lemon sucking candy, it wouldn’t have imparted the same image of Dumbledore."[95] The Arabic translation, which was written with a predominantly Muslim audience in mind, omitted references to food and drink forbidden by Islam. All references to pork and bacon were replaced with eggs and all references to alcoholic beverages were replaced with water, except in the case of the Death Eaters, who are villains.[249] However, the Hebrew translation left in place references to bacon despite reader complaints that such products violated the laws of Kashrut, with the translator justifying it on the basis that the characters were not Jewish.[95] The Chinese translation keeps the word "cornflakes" and has a footnote explaining what cornflakes are.[243]
As the Arabic translators were seeking to cater to religiously conservative readers, they also removed every reference to characters kissing, even on the cheek, and had them wave instead.[249]
Several other terms were translated to create cultural references for the target audience. For example, the "golden snitch" from Quidditch is rendered as "goldene flaterl" (golden butterfly) in the Yiddish translation, butterflies being a common symbol in Yiddish folktales.[242] Similarly, the Snatchers, a group of people who capture Muggle-born wizards and other enemies of the Death Eater regime and hand them over for money following Voldemort's takeover of the Ministry of Magic, were referred to as Szmalcownicy in the Polish translation, in reference to Poles who sold out Jews to the Nazis for money during the Holocaust.[250]
The title of the seventh book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, proved particularly difficult to translate into different languages. Rowling solved the problem by providing translators with an alternate title: Harry Potter and the Relics of Death. This became the basis for most translations of the title.[251]
Languages with different word order than English presented challenges when a character begins speaking and is interrupted before finishing. For instance, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Ron Weasley asks his mother "Why in the name of Merlin's saggy left..." before his father cuts him off and scolds him for talking to her that way. In other languages, such as Hebrew, nouns come before modifier adjectives, but as it is never revealed what noun Ron intended to use, it proved difficult to translate without significant guesswork.[95]
Rhymes, anagrams, and acronyms
[edit]The series involves many songs, poems, and rhymes, some of which proved difficult to translators.[252] One rhyme, a riddle told by a sphinx in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, posed a particular problem.[note 7] The riddle involves taking words from a poem and using them to form a longer word, "spider," in answer to the riddle. In the Taiwanese translation, the English words are simply put in parentheses.[253] In other translations, the riddle is changed to provide different words that can be put together to make up the translated version of "spider".
Some acronyms also proved difficult; the abbreviations "O.W.L.s" (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) and "N.E.W.T.s" (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) needed to be translated to reflect the fact that their abbreviations spelled out the names of animals associated with the wizarding world, which did not always work in other languages. "N.E.W.T.s" was translated into Swedish as "F.U.T.T." (Fruktansvärt Utmattande Trollkarls-Test, Terribly Exhausting Wizard's Test). "Futt" means "measly" in Swedish.[245]
Other challenging names in the series include the Mirror of Erised ("desire" backwards) and Voldemort's real name. In the latter's case, the name is an anagram based on the character's birth name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, which is rearranged to spell "I am Lord Voldemort". This has required translators to alter Riddle's name to make the anagram work. Sometimes translators manage to alter only one part of the name whereas others have replaced the entire name to preserve the anagram.[citation needed] Other translations, such as the Taiwanese Chinese and Japanese versions, sidestepped the issue altogether by displaying the main text of the anagram in English and added in the meaning in brackets beside it. The Vietnamese version displayed the original anagram in English and added a footnote.[254]
Invented words, proper nouns, and names
[edit]Rowling invented a great number of words and phrases for the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items, and place names. Many of these words involve word play, rhyming, and historical references that are difficult to translate.[citation needed] A large number of spells are drawn from or inspired by Latin, and have a certain resonance with English speakers due to its relatively large proportion of Latinate-derived vocabulary. For example, priori incantatem (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the words prior (previous) and incantation (spell, charm). To create a similar effect in the Hindi version, the Sanskrit, typical in mantras, has been used for the spells. Some translators have created new words themselves; others have resorted to transliteration.[citation needed] Names that involve word play, such as Knockturn Alley and Pensieve are also difficult to translate.[citation needed]
In Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, when Professor McGonagall is about to introduce Harry to Oliver Wood, she asks another professor if she can "borrow Wood for a moment", momentarily confusing Harry. In order to retain this pun, the Yiddish translation renames Wood as "Oliver Holtz", "holtz" being the Yiddish for wood,[242] unlike the Italian one, which changed the surname to "Baston", from "bastone", "stick", but returned to the original "Wood" with the second translation.[citation needed]
Often, names in Harry Potter have historical or linguistic significance in English, which may create problems if the translator does not recognise it. Rowling commented on this phenomenon in Conversations with J.K. Rowling, in which she complained that the Italian translation of Professor Dumbledore's last name was "Silente"; rather than recognising that "Dumbledore" was an old Devon word for "bumblebee," the translator took the word "dumb" and translated it as "silent".[255] In contrast, the Czech translator used the Old Czech word for bumblebee – Brumbál (in modern Czech čmelák). The French translation renamed Severus Snape as 'Rogue'; in Italian he was renamed "Piton" (from the Italian "pitone", "python").[242] Hungarian also calls him "Piton". Instead, the same Italian translation changed the name of Professor Sybill Trelawney into "Sibilla Cooman", which resembles the Italian "Sibilla Cumana", the Cumaean Sibyl, although, like many other names, it was brought back to the original in the revised translation.[citation needed]
Plot points
[edit]In some cases, English-speaking fans have sought clues to the story's mysteries by examining the way certain parts of the books have been translated in foreign editions. A case in point is the identity of a character mentioned by initials only in the book Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The English initials R.A.B. could have belonged to several minor characters from the books, but variations on the initials in other languages gave evidence to the true identity of the mystery character: in the Dutch edition of the book R.A.B. was translated into R.A.Z., 'zwart' being Dutch for 'black'; in the Norwegian edition, R.A.B. translates to 'R.A.S.', svart being Norwegian for 'black'; and in the Finnish edition the initials were R.A.M., 'musta' being Finnish for 'black'. Fans took this to mean that the character was Regulus Black, the brother of Sirius Black; when Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was published, this was revealed to be the case.[citation needed]
Similarly, the title for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix did not make it obvious whether the word "Order" referred to a group of people or to a directive. The information that it was a group of people was then determined by viewing the title in other languages. The Vietnamese translation, which was originally published in instalments, originally interpreted "Order" as a directive and translated it as "Harry Potter và Mệnh lệnh Phượng hoàng"; when it became clear that "Order" referred to a group of people, the title was changed to "Harry Potter và Hội Phượng hoàng".[citation needed]
Rowling released an alternative title for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows for use by translators finding difficulty translating its meaning. The alternative title (in English) is Harry Potter and the Relics of Death.[256] In Italy the title has been translated as Harry Potter e i doni della morte replacing "hallows" with "presents" because the word "relic" is often used in reference to the remains or personal effects of a saint. This variation was proposed and then approved by J.K. Rowling.[257]
Character gender
[edit]A few characters in the series are identified with a title and last name, or with a gender-neutral name. In some languages—for example, those where adjectives are gendered—it was necessary for the translator to guess the character's gender. The Hebrew translation initially made Blaise Zabini a girl, though the character was revealed to be a boy in later books.[95] To avoid this problem, Isabel Nunes, the Portuguese translator, asked Rowling about the gender of some of the characters—Zabini, Professor Sinistra, and "R.A.B."—while working on her translations.[258]
Notes
[edit]- ^ The name "Su Nong" is a blend of two translator's names: Cao Suling and Ma Ainong. Cao Suling began translating the book but pulled out of the project and Ma Ainong took over.[69]
- ^ it appears more common that Harry Potter is translated as હેરી પોટર in Gujarati (different vowels) however the published book clearly uses 'chandra e' as written here
- ^ Moonhak's website is inconsistent with the translator of Goblet of Fire; some editions have just Kim, some have just Choi, some have both. Until it is clarified it seems most likely that it was a collaboration and some listings of the book only included one of the translators.
- ^ originally an unauthorized translation
- ^ Harry Potter and the mystery of the prince
- ^ The first official translation's title inconsistently used ve, 'and'.
- ^ "The Sphinx's Song in 13 Languages" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2006.
References
[edit]- ^ "J. K. Rowling Official Site". Jkrowling.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.[better source needed]
- ^ "OOTP is best seller in France – in English!". BBC. 1 July 2003.
- ^ Naughton, Philippe; Sage, Adam (12 October 2007). "Who won the race to translate 'Harry Potter'? review | Children's Books – Times Online". London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Steven Goldstein (2004). "Translating Harry – Part I: The Language of Magic". GlobalByDesign. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- ^ Emrah Güler (2005). "Not lost in translation: Harry Potter in Turkish". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- ^ "British Library Exhibition to be part of Bloomsbury's 20th Anniversary Celebrations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". Bloomsbury. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ^ Gould, Amy (28 June 2017). "Harry Potter to be Translated into Scots". J.K. Rowling. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane. 23 November 2017. ASIN 1785301543.
- ^ a b c Rowling, J. K.; Keao NeSmith, R. (August 2018). Harry Potter a Me Ka Pōhaku Akeakamai: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in Hawaiian (Hawaiian ed.). Evertype. ISBN 978-1782012061.
- ^ a b c d "Дж. К. Роўлінг. Гары Потэр і філасофскі камень" [Dž. K. Roŭlinh. Hary Poter i filasofski kamień] (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g ""Хәрри Поттер мен пәлсапа тас": әйгілі роман қалай тәржімаланды?". Báribar. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ a b c "How 'Harry Potter' became Yiddish". The Forward. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Hare Pota Me Te Whatu Manapou". Auckland University Press. 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Castle, Tim (2 December 2004). "Harry Potter? It's All Greek to Me". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
- ^ (adapted for American readers) Regional adaptations do not constitute translation.
- ^ "Harry Potter at Bloomsbury Publishing". Bloomsbury.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter – Home". Allen and Unwin. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ From http://www.raincoast.com/faq: Raincoast Books was the joint publisher of Harry Potter series in Canada in conjunction with Bloomsbury Plc of London from 1999 until 2010. The Canadian editions of all the Harry Potter books have the original British text intact, the same title and feature the original cover artwork. New editions are only made if there are significant changes to the text or format. In new editions, J K Rowling has corrected some parts of the text.
- ^ "Harry Potter in Canada". Raincoast Books. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ Jonathan Ball Publishers. "Jonathan Ball Publishers :: South African Book Publishers". Jonathanball.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter books, games, and activities for Muggles". Scholastic.com. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter And The Chamber Of Secrets". Scholastic India. Retrieved 10 April 2021. - Previously Scholastic Asia covered Asia but India is now listed separately
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone: The Illustrated Edition (Harry Potter, Book 1)". Scholastic Asia. Retrieved 10 April 2021. - Scholastic Asia is headquartered in Malaysia: " Scholastic Asia has grown significantly over the years... with its regional office and distribution center headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." - Scholastic Asia is also active in Singapore. It was previously headquartered in Hong Kong and also distributed to the Philippines and formerly to India
- ^ "Harry Potter Around the World: Africa". Education.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ Rosemarie Breuer. "Janie Oosthuysen-Taylor". Stellenboschwriters.com. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Script-writing, Translation and Dubbing by Kobus Geldenhuys". Jnweb.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Shtepiaelibrit" (in Albanian).
- ^ "Nahdet Misr Group". Nahdetmisr.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Dukmak, Wafa (March 2012). The Treatment of Cultural Items in the Translation of Children's Literature: The case of Harry Potter in Arabic (PDF). University of Leeds. p. 3. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ a b c "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". Zangak. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter. Philosopher's Stone book will be released in Armenian". Aravot. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets released in Armenian" (in Armenian). Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ^ "Armenian Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (in Armenian). Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ "Armenian Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" (in Armenian). Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Armenian Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ "Ediciones Trabe" (in Spanish). trabe.org. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
- ^ "С.K.Roulinq HARRİ POTTER VƏ AZKABAN MƏHBUSU" (in Azerbaijani). qanun.az. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ "C.K.Roulinq HARRİ POTTER VƏ FƏLSƏFƏ DAŞI" (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "C.K.Roulinq HARRİ POTTER VƏ SİRLİ OTAQ" (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "С.K.Roulinq HARRİ POTTER VƏ AZKABAN MƏHBUSU" (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ a b "J.K.Rowling – HARRİ POTTER VƏ ALOV QƏDƏHİ" (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "The fourth Harry Potter book in Azerbaijani" (in Azerbaijani). February 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ a b "HARRİ POTTER VƏ SİMURQ ORDENİ – C.K.Roulinq" (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 5 March 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "HARRİ POTTER VƏ YARIMQAN PRİNS" (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Harri Potter və ölüm yadigarları" (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Harry Potter Eta Herioaren Erlikiak". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
- ^ a b c "Дж. К. Роўлінг. Гары Потэр і Таемная зала". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ "Дж. К. Роўлінг. Гары Потэр і вязень Азкабана" [Dž. K. Roŭlinh. Hary Poter i viazień Azkabana] (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ^ "Cover page". ankur-prakashani.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ Rowling, J.K. (2003). হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দি ফিলসফারস স্টোন. Bangladesh: Ankur Prakshani. ISBN 9844640911.
- ^ "Harry Potter i Kamen Mudrosti". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ "Harry Potter i Odaja Tajni". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ a b c "Harry Potter i Red feniksa". Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "Harry Potter i princ poluplave krvi". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Harry Potter i kobne moći". Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter i Kamen Mudrosti". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ "Harry Potter i odaja tajni". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ "Harry Potter i zatvorenik Azkabana". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ "Harry Potter i plameni pehar". Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter ha Maen ar Furien". Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ "Harry Potter en breton. Sous presse aujourd'hui, dans les kiosques le 17". letelegramme.com. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter ha Kambr ar Sekredoù". Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ "Хари Потър". Egmont Bulgaria. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Potter-mania reaches Bulgaria – Features news". Sofiaecho.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "J.K. Rowling". editorialempuries.cat. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ "Tàndem Edicions". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ "Harry Potter i la pedra filosofal". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ "Harry Potter i la cambra secreta". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d "《哈利·波特與魔法石》新舊版修訂對比(一)". 雪花台湾. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "哈利波特:::九又四分之三月台". Crown.com.tw. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter i kamen mudraca - novo izdanje - Mozaik knjiga". Mozaik-knjiga.hr. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Albatros. "Harry Potter". Albatros.cz. Retrieved 12 December 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Pavel Medek – translating the adventures of Harry Potter into Czech". Radio Prague. 26 August 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter". Archived from the original on 9 June 2003.
- ^ "Harry Potter – De Harmonie". Harrypotter.nl. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Varrak". Varrak.ee. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Bókadeild Føroya Lærarafelags". Archived from the original on 13 February 2006.
- ^ De Vera, Ruel S (23 September 2013). "'Harry Potter' now in Filipino". Inquirer Lifestyle.
- ^ Ms. Kapari-Jatta has discussed her translation effort in the popular-style fact book Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen (2008).
- ^ a b Naughton, Philippe; Sage, Adam (12 October 2007). "Who won the race to translate 'Harry Potter'? review | Children's Books". London: Times Online. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages
- ^ bornmeer. "Nijntje, Kikkert, Kameleon yn it Frysk, Lida Dykstra". Bornmeer.nl. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "ბაკურ სულაკაურის გამომცემლობა (Bakur Sulakauri publishing)". Sulakauri.ge. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ a b Harry Potter un de Wunnersteen. ASIN 3898820122.
- ^ a b c Harry Potter un de grulig Kamer. ASIN 3898820181.
- ^ Simon, Scott (14 February 2004). "NPR interview". Npr.org. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Andrew Wilson. "The Classics Pages – Greek Harry Potter". Users.globalnet.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Ο Χαρι Ποτερ". Psichogios Publications. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Akikillisat – Atuakkat kiilumut – Atuakkiorfik". Atuakkiorfik.gl. Archived from the original on 2 March 2001. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter ujarallu inuunartoq". University of Calgary Faculty of Arts. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ "Manjul Publishing House". manjulindia.com. Retrieved 1 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Rowling, J. K.; ત્રિવેદી, જાગૃતિ (2004). હૅરી પૉટર અને પારસમણિ. Bhopal, India: Manjul. ISBN 978-81-86775-86-8.
- ^ "ידיעות ספרים שאוהבים | דף הבית". www.ybook.co.il. Archived from the original on 7 May 2004.
- ^ "Books in the Attic – ספרי עליית הגג – פרטי הספר". Booksintheattic.co.il. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "When 'Harry' met Hebrew". Cleveland Jewish News. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Manjul Publishing House". manjulindia.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Wizard of Bhopal". The Times of India. 22 July 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Animus Kiadó". Animus.hu. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Bjartur". Bjartur.is. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Gramedia Pustaka Utama". Gramedia.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "The Jakarta Post – The Journal of Indonesia Today". Thejakartapost.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Adriano Salani Editore". Salani.it. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Say-zan-sha Publications Ltd". Sayzansha.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "From mourning to 'magic'". The Japan Times Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2008.[1] Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Harry Potter à l'école des sorciers, en khmer". Khmerologie.wordpress.com. 26 April 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ web|url=http://imgur.com/77GUYBm
- ^ web|url=http://kienforcefidele.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/hp2coverkh.jpg Archived 5 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d ""Хәрри Поттер мен жасырын бөлме" романы қазақ тілінде жарық көрді". Abai.kz. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Хәрри Поттер мен Азкабан тұтқыны". Báribar. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ a b ""Эксклюзив: "Хәрри Поттер мен от сауыт". Бірінші тарау"". Báribar. April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "Harry Potter mania hits Asia". MediaCorp Pte. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 마법사의 돌 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 비밀의 방 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 아즈카반의 죄수 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d "해리포터와 불의잔 1". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 불사조 기사단 1 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 혼혈 왕자 1 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리포터와 죽음의 성물 1 (개정판:양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 마법사의 돌 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 비밀의 방 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 아즈카반의 죄수 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 불의 잔 1 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 불사조 기사단 1 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 혼혈 왕자 1 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "해리 포터와 죽음의 성물 1 (20주년 개정판, 양장)". Moonhak Soochup. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b Rowling, J. K. (7 July 2003). Amazon.com: Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Latin Edition): J. K. Rowling, Peter Needham: Books. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1582348254.
- ^ "Jumava". Jumava.lv. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "J. K. Rowling Official Site – List of Publishers". Jkrowling.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Den Harry Potter an den Alchimistesteen". kairos.lu. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Unesco. "Index Translationum". Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ "Хари Потер промоциjа – први април во 19 часот". Младинска книга Скопје. 23 March 2009.
- ^ a b Rowling, J.K. (2020). Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone [Хари Потер и Каменот на мудроста] (in Macedonian). Translated by Stojanovski, Vladimir. Skopje: libi (part of Ars Lamina). ISBN 978-608-259-628-0.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Каменот на мудроста". literatura.mk. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ a b Rowling, J.K. (2020). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets [Хари Потер и одајата на тајните] (in Macedonian). Translated by Kotevski, Igor. Skopje: Ars Libris (part of Ars Lamina). ISBN 978-608-259-756-0.
- ^ a b Rowling, J.K. (2020). Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Хари Потер и и затвореникот од Азкабан] (in Macedonian). Translated by Stojanovski, Vladimir. Skopje: Ars Libris (part of Ars Lamina). ISBN 978-608-259-757-7.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Одајата на тајните". literatura.mk. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Хари Потер и и затвореникот од Азкабан". literatura.mk. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Пламениот пехар". lituratura.mk. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Редот на фениксот". lituratura.mk. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Полукрвниот принц". lituratura.mk. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Хари Потер и Реликвиите на смртта". lituratura.mk. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ www.pelangibooks.com https://web.archive.org/web/20060113003033/http://www.pelangibooks.com/module/series/series.aspx?seriesid=SBSHPM53. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Manjul Publishing House". manjulindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Potter speaks Malayalam". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 July 2004. Archived from the original on 12 September 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry potter and the chamber of Secrets -Malayalam-". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Marathi)". Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Marathi)". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ a b c "Mongolia, 1st Translation - All the Pretty Books". All the Pretty Books. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Философийн Чулуу - Монсудар" (in Mongolian). Монсудар. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Нууц Өрөө - Монсудар". Монсудар. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Азкабаны Хоригдол - Монсудар". Монсудар. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Галт Цом - Монсудар". Монсудар. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Харри Поттер ба Галт шувууны бүлгэм". Монсудар. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Эрлийз хунтайж". Monsudar. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ a b c "Харри Поттер ба Үхлийн Шүтээн". Internom. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ Rowling, J.K. (2019). Харри Поттер ба Галт шувууны бүлгэм. Ulaanbaatar: Monsudar. ISBN 978-99973-1-791-9.
- ^ "Harry Potter in Nepali". myrepublica.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ "Harry Potter is coming to Nepal!". Sunbird.org.np. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ "Serie – Harry Potter – Cappelen Damm". Cappelendamm.no. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Per Noste Edicions". Per Noste Edicions. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ "Harry Potter e la crampa deus secrets". Per Noste Edicions. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ "هري پاتر و سنگ جادو". Tandis Bookstore. Tandis. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "هري پاتر و حفره اسرار آميز". Tandis Bookstore. Tandis. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "Wydawnictwo "Media Rodzina"". Mediarodzina.com.pl. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Editora Rocco – Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte". Harrypotter.rocco.com.br. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter și Prințul Semisânge". Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter și Talismanele Morții". Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ "Language student finds magic in translating". Archived from the original on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "Romanian schoolgirl becomes youngest translator of Harry Potter", (Ioana Iepureanu), M2 Best Books, April 12, 2002
- ^ a b "Harry Potter și piatra filosofal". Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ "Harry Potter și Pocalul de Foc". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ "Harry Potter și camera secretelor". Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ "Harry Potter și Ordinul Phoenix". Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ "Harry Potter și prizonierul din Azkaban". Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ "Harry Potter". Potter.rosman.ru. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Книга Гарри Поттер и Дары Смерти". HPRosmen.ru. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
- ^ "Azbooka-Atticus – Hachette".
- ^ "Machaon Harry Potter Catalogue". Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ "De Nouvelles Traduction Pour Harry Potter". 21 February 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane - Itchy Coo". Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ Kean, Danuta (29 June 2017). "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone finally arrives in Scots translation". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ "Hari Poter". Evro giunti. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^ "Hari Poter". Nova Knjiga. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
- ^ "Antikvarnica koju knjige vole". Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ There seems to be no evidence that the Deathly Hallows was ever published in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet; Narodna Knjiga's box-set, says Books 1-6; however, Order of the Phoenix was published in 2 volumes and sometimes, consequently, it is possible to find references to Half-Blood Prince as "book 7".
- ^ "Hari Poter i polukrvni princ, ćirilično izdanje, novo!". Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Kapruka Sinhala Books Store". Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ "Joanne K. Rowlingová". Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Spanish 'Tykes'". Potterglot. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- ^ "Ediciones Salamandra – Harry Potter". Salamandra.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Tiden – Harry Potter". Norstedtsforlagsgrupp.se. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Translation – Swedish Book Review 2002 Supplement". Swedishbookreview.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Manjul Publishing House". manjulindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". Manjul Publishing House. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ^ "Microsite". Nanmeebooks.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Tibetan version of "Harry Potter" issued". Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "Harry Potter Goes To Tibet". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ "Tibetan Bookstore - Harry Potter". Tibetan Bookstore. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Tibetan)". Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "J.K. Rowling – YKY". Ykykultur.com.tr. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Hürriyet". Arama.hurriyet.com.tr. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Felsefe Taşı". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Sırlar Odası". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Azkaban Tutsağı". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Ateş Kadehi". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Zümrüdüanka Yoldaşlığı". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Melez Prens". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Harry Potter ve Ölüm Yadigârları". Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Miscellanea: Harry Potter in Urdu-Dawn – Young World; April 6, 2002". Dawn.com. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Books by Rowling J. K. (Joanne Kathleen) 1965– Urdu". Dkagencies.com. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ Bootie Cosgrove-Mather (21 July 2003). "Translating Harry's Magic, Vietnam Issues First Authorized Translation of New Harry Potter Book – CBS News". Cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Wales | Welsh Harri Potter makes debut". BBC News. 9 July 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b c "Magic in mame-loshn". Olniansky Tekst. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Online translations of "Harry Potter" draw fire". News.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Willsher, Kim (9 August 2007). "Harry Potter and the boy wizard translator | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 8 August 2007 17.51 BST. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Potter Pirate Sorry for Mistakes". BBC News. 3 September 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- ^ "Harry auf Deutsch :: Projekt-Übersicht der Harry Potter Übersetzung(en)". Harry-auf-deutsch.de. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "BBC News | SCI/TECH | Harry Potter and the German pirates". BBC News. 1 September 2000. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Dilshani Samaraweera (2005). "Harry Potter to fly into Sri Lanka under tight security". Lanka Business Online. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
- ^ "Iranian translators should observe guild's rights: Vida Eslamieh". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ AFP (2007). "Iran's Potter fans join frenzy over wizard's fate". Middle East Times. Retrieved 21 July 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "HomePage of Esperanto -". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007.
- ^ Amy Harmon (14 July 2003). "Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2004.
- ^ Leifer, Andrew. "Harry Potter and the Battle of the International Copyright Law" Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stanford University Boothe Prize, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
- ^ Op-Ed Contributors. "Memo to the Dept. of Magical Copyright Enforcement", The New York Times, 2007-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
- ^ Wu, Tim. "Harry Potter and the International Order of Copyright." Slate. Friday 27 June 2003. Retrieved on 11 May 2009.
- ^ Feral, Anne-Lise (2006). "The Translator's 'Magic' Wand: Harry Potter's Journey from English into French". Meta: Journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal. 51 (3): 459–481. doi:10.7202/013553ar.
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Spanish Tykes". Retrieved 6 March 2018.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Edward Olson (29 October 2001). "HPL: Differences: CS". Hp-lexicon.org. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "FAST-US-1 Intro to American English Reference File". Uta.fi. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Gleick, Peter H. (10 July 2000). "Harry Potter, Minus a Certain Flavour". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ Woods, Audrey (6 July 2000). "Success Stuns Harry Potter Author". Associated Press.
- ^ a b Radosh, Daniel (20 September 1999). "Why American kids don't consider Harry Potter an insufferable prig". The New Yorker.
- ^ a b Lincoln Fernandes (2006). "Translation of Names in Children's Fantasy Literature: Bringing the Young Reader into Play" (PDF). New Voices in Translation Studies (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. (page 6 on pdf)
- ^ Judith Inggs (May 2003). "From Harry to Garri: Strategies for the Transfer of Culture and Ideology in Russian Translations of Two English Fantasy Stories". Meta: Translators' Journal. 48 (1–2 Traduction pour les enfants / Translation for children): 285–297. doi:10.7202/006975ar. S2CID 145173155.
- ^ "Traduzioni Rivisitate: Tassorosso e Tassofrasso".
- ^ a b c d Rosenberg, Yair. "HOW DO YOU SAY 'QUIDDITCH' IN YIDDISH?". tabletmag.com. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ a b "TRANSLATION Harry Potter". Words & Pictures. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Anne-Lise Feral (2006), "The Translator's "Magic" Wand: Harry Potter's Journey from English into French" (PDF), Translators' Journal, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 459–481
- ^ a b "Translation – Swedish Book Review 2002 Supplement". Swedishbookreview.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ 'Potter' makes Tohokuites proud, Masayuki Aihara, Japan Times, 30 July 2003[permanent dead link]
- ^ Hani, Yoko (4 January 2004). "From mourning to 'magic'". The Japan Times. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Віктор Морозов: Завдяки українському Гаррі Поттеру у дітей відбуваються ментальні зміни". www.unian.ua.
- ^ a b "Harry Potter and the Language of Magic – Confluence". 27 February 2019.
- ^ Szmalcownicy - Artykuły - Harry Potter - Hogsmeade, Twoja Magiczna Wioska (in Polish).
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Translator's Challenge". OpenLearn. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ Close (26 January 2007). "Daniel Hahn: Translating involves art as well as craft". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Greg Pringle. "The Sphinx's Riddle in the CJV translations of Harry Potter (Book 4)". Cjvlang.com. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Tom Marvolo Riddle". CJVlang.com. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ Conversations with J.K. Rowling, Lindsey Fraser, Arthur E. Levine Books, 2001
- ^ Swedish Deathly Hallows translation may give clues, Mugglenet, 25 May 2007
- ^ "La Salani chiede aiuto per Harry Potter 7 - BadTaste.it". BadTaste.it (in Italian). 1 October 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ Rumor: Full name of R.A.B. revealed, David Haber, 8 October 2006
Further reading
[edit]- Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Harry Potter and the translator's nightmare". Vox. 18 October 2016.
External links
[edit]- Article from "Translorial", Part I, Part II
- The Intricacies of Onomastics in Harry Potter and its French Translation (La Clé des Langues)
- Article about American English "translation"
- Interview with the Swedish translator of the series
- Harry Potter's Polish Translation – Has Andrzej Polkowski Managed to Put it Into Polish Successfully?
- Article on the Harry Potter Wiki
- International cover gallery
- The Sphinx's Song in 13 Languages
- Collection of foreign editions of "Harry Potter" books (in Polish)