Jump to content

Şehzade Mustafa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the son of Suleiman the Magnificent. For the son of Bayezid I, see Mustafa Çelebi. For the son of Mehmed I, see Küçük Mustafa. For the son of Mehmed the Conqueror, see Gülşah Hatun § Issue.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mustafa, the title is Şehzade, and there is no family name.
Şehzade Mustafa
An Ottoman miniature of Mustafa
Governor of Amasya
Tenure16 June 1541 – 6 October 1553
Governor of Manisa
Tenure3 May 1533 – 16 June 1541
Bornc. 1516/1517
Manisa Palace, Manisa, Ottoman Empire
Died6 October 1553(1553-10-06) (aged 36–37)
Ereğli, Konya, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Muradiye Complex, Bursa
IssueFatma Sultan
Nergisşah Sultan
Şehzade Mehmed
Şah Sultan
Şehzade Ahmed
Şehzade Orhan
DynastyOttoman
FatherSuleiman the Magnificent
MotherMahidevran Hatun
ReligionSunni Islam
Mustafa's circumcision, 1530

Şehzade Mustafa (Ottoman Turkish: شهزاده مصطفى; c.1516/1517 – 6 October 1553) was an Ottoman prince, son of sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his concubine Mahidevran Hatun. He was the governor of Manisa from 1533 to 1541, of Amasya from 1541 to 1553, when he was executed by his father's order on charges of sedition and treason.

Early life

[edit]

Mustafa was born around 1516 or 1517[1] in Manisa to Suleiman, when he was a prince and his concubine Mahidevran Hatun.[2] After Suleiman's accession to the throne in 1520, after the death of his father Selim I, Mustafa and his mother came to reside in the Old Palace in Constantinople.[3] With the deaths of his brothers, Murad and Mahmud in 1520, Mustafa became his father's only heir.[4][5] Pietro Bragadin, ambassador in the early years of Suleiman's reign, reported that Mustafa was his mother’s "whole joy."[5] In June–July 1530, a three week celebration was organised in Constantinople that centered around the circumcision of Mustafa, and his younger half-brothers Mehmed, and Selim.[6][7] The princes were circumcised on 27 June 1530.[8] The festivities ranged from displays of captured enemy items to simulated battles, featuring performances by jugglers and strongmen, as well as reenactments of recent conflicts. Suleiman played a crucial role, observing everything from a loggia in the Hippodrome, while Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha actively oversaw the proceedings and presented extravagant gifts to the sultan and the princes.[6][7] He received instruction in religious fundamentals and literature, coupled with training in martial arts and horsemanship.[9] He wrote poems under the pen name Muhlisi.[10]

Governorship

[edit]

Mustafa was recognised for his intelligence and courage, earning significant favour among the janissaries. It was anticipated that he would develop into a formidable warrior.[11][12] On 3 May 1533,[13] he was appointed as the district governor of Saruhan.[2][7][14] Mustafa was placed in charge of Anatolia in 1534 and 1538, when Suleiman and the grand vizier were occupied with the Persian and then Moldavian campaigns.[15] In 1534, Ibrahim Pasha wrote to Mustafa, confirming the receipt of a letter from the prince discussing matters in the Aegean and updating him on his father's successes in the Baghdad campaign. In the letter, he identifies himself as Mustafa's "faithful friend" and expresses the desire to meet soon, hoping to benefit from and be uplifted by the prince's noble and blessed presence.[16] In around 1540, Bassano described Mustafa's court at Diyarbakır near the Safavid border, stating that the prince possessed a remarkable and splendid court, comparable to that of his father.[5]

On 16 June 1541, he was transferred to Amasya,[2][7][14][17] where his son, Şehzade Mehmed was born in 1546.[18] Mustafa likely perceived the clear preference given to his half-brothers as evident in his removal from the governorship in Saruhan, a favoured position for Ottoman princes. His relocation to Amasya in 1541, despite a considerable increase in his annual stipend, was a move he resented. Though he might not have openly expressed his displeasure, his tutor Sürurî mentioned it in a poem. To exacerbate matters, Saruhan was later bestowed upon Mehmed, Suleiman and Hürrem’s eldest son, after a year's vacancy. Following Mehmed's sudden death in November 1543, the district governorship passed to their second son, Selim, in the spring of 1544. Mustafa found himself excluded from this inner circle, despite having numerous sympathisers within the military elite.[7][19]

As Suleiman crossed Anatolia in 1548 to take up arms once more against the Safavids, his eleventh campaign, he met with Mustafa, whom he had summoned from Amasya to accompany him for several days.[15] A unique firsthand account details a meeting between the two of them in May, shedding light on their complex relationship. As Suleiman advanced east with the army, he encountered Mustafa near Sivas, revealing previous strains in their connection. During this encounter, the sultan, acknowledging recent discord, expressed affection toward the prince. Mustafa received a grand welcome from high-ranking officials, and the entire army camp paid homage as he proceeded to his father's tent, reminiscent of the reunion of Jacob and Joseph after a prolonged separation. Their conversation, marked by Mustafa's "loyalty" and "good manners," left the contemporary observer noting the palpable "relief and joy" experienced by the prince. The Süleymanname, a history commissioned by Suleiman, further emphasised Mustafa's exceptional treatment during this encounter, avoiding explicit mention of any prior issues between father and son.[20]

While serving as the district governor in Amasya, he effectively established a reputation as a supporter of poetry and scholarship, a guardian of the populace, a dispenser of justice, and a congenial companion to the members of the military elite.[21][22] In 1549, the governor of Erzurum was killed by Georgians, after which Mustafa sought Istanbul's help to retaliate. However, Rüstem Pasha, the husband of Mustafa's half-sister Mihrimah Sultan, anticipating that Mustafa would gain more prestige by defeating the Georgians, opted not to send support to the prince. In 1550, Iranian highway robbers crossed Ottoman borders, pillaging villages in eastern Anatolia. Once more, Mustafa requested aid, but Rüstem turned him down.[23] Frustrated by Mustafa's persistent appeals, Rüstem recalled Mustafa's vizier, Lala Cafer Pasha, to Istanbul and appointed Bosnian Ahmed Pasha as a replacement and potential spy. However, the plan failed when Ahmed Pasha gained Mustafa's trust and married his daughter Fatma Sultan[24] in 1552.[25]

Succession question

[edit]
An engraving of Mustafa by André Thevet, dated 1584

Mustafa was widely regarded as a strong contender for the throne. As early as the late 1540s, a Venetian ambassador observed his esteemed martial prowess and the janissaries' fondness for him, presenting him as the universally preferred candidate for the next sultan. This assessment was reiterated by another Venetian ambassador in the early 1550s, just before Mustafa's demise.[26] In two letters dispatched to Henry II of France in the autumn and winter of 1549, a French diplomat conveyed information about the sultan's illness in the summer of 1549. The diplomat discussed the possibility of the sultan's death and Mustafa ascending to the throne. Rumors suggested that due to the sultan's ailment, Mustafa was summoned to the army camp near Diyarbakır as a potential successor. However, the diplomat expressed skepticism, noting that Suleiman had deep affection for his other sons, and Mustafa's rise to power might jeopardise their lives, as they would be at his mercy and could face execution.[27]

The elderly sultan, grappling with health issues, opted for rest, delegating military campaigns to his viziers, possibly due to reluctance to leave the capital and a fear of succession wars even before his demise. The Habsburg ambassador Gerhard Veltwyck, toward the end of 1545, reported that Rüstem and other viziers were inclined towards a peace agreement due to the discord among Suleiman's sons. Both Veltwyck in February 1547 and the Habsburg ambassador in Istanbul, Malvezzi, in February 1550 reported Rüstem's intention to eliminate Mustafa, seeking to secure the throne for Selim. Hürrem, Mihrimah, and Rüstem collaborated to facilitate the accession of either Selim or Bayezid to the throne.[28] Rüstem plotted against Mustafa, attempting to portray him as a Safavid ally. He forged Mustafa's seal, sending a deceptive letter to the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I, who unknowingly responded positively. Rüstem's men discovered the letter and delivered it to him.[23]

An Ottoman miniature showing Şehzade Mustafa with his father

Mustafa went beyond merely establishing a reputation, as an undated letter attributed to him, likely from the late 1540s, reveals.[29] The letter, addressed to Ayas Pasha, governor of Erzurum, and a promising bureaucrat,[30] primarily seeks the discreet support of a high-ranking member of the military elite in anticipation of the inevitable succession wars. Mustafa carefully emphasizes his intention to await his father's death, avoiding an outright rebellion. Simultaneously, he draws attention to his grandfather Selim's ascension to the throne, suggesting that, like Selim, he intends to reward supporters and punish those who do not after becoming sultan. In the intricacies of the early modern empire's political landscape, where explicit declarations are rare, the allusion to Selim serves as a clear and powerful message. The letter also offers insights into Mustafa's self-perception and his beliefs about his brothers, indicating that he considered himself the only prince embodying the true qualities of a sultan. He asserted his Sharia-based right to the throne, challenging Ottoman custom.[31] Ayas Pasha gave a positive response, assuring the prince that he was more deserving of the throne than his brothers.[30] Mustafa's pursuit of support extended to diplomatic channels, as evidenced by his envoy Nebi Bey's mission to Venice shortly before his execution, aiming to secure political and logistical backing for his potential ascent to the throne.[32][33]

Safavid campaign

[edit]

In late September 1552,[34] Rüstem led the janissaries and palace troops to Anatolia for a campaign against the resurgent Safavids. Internal tensions arose among Ottoman forces due to persistent rumors about Mustafa's imminent ascension to the throne, leading Rüstem to camp near Konya as control over his men waned. Janissaries, breaking ranks, went to Amasya to express allegiance to Mustafa, perceived as their next sultan, before returning to the army camp. Simultaneously, rumors circulated about Suleiman's severe illness, intensifying the precarious situation for Rüstem. With skilled Ottoman forces favoring Mustafa, Rüstem faced the risk of condemnation if Suleiman's death or Mustafa's bold move to command the army occurred. This prompted the grand vizier to likely persuade Suleiman to take decisive action against Mustafa.[35][36]

From the army camp near Konya, Rüstem sent messengers to Suleiman, informing him that Mustafa was poised to take decisive action. To substantiate the claim, Rüstem allegedly had a replica of Mustafa’s seal crafted and orchestrated a fabricated letter to the Safavid ruler Tahmasp, proposing an alliance.[37] Tahmasp's unwitting response was intercepted by Rüstem's men, who forwarded it, along with news of the rebellious atmosphere in the army camp, to Suleiman as evidence of Mustafa's treason. Ultimately, Rüstem succeeded, leading to his recall to Constantinople. Suleiman assumed command of the Ottoman forces. The delay, likely influenced by Suleiman's health and the logistical challenges of eastern campaigns, might have been strategic, planning a winter stay in Aleppo before engaging the Safavids in the ensuing spring and summer. Discussions between Suleiman and Rüstem on handling Mustafa could have contributed to the departure delay.[38][39]

Suleiman departed from his capital with Rüstem on August 28, 1553 with a splendid display, unfurling seven banners symbolising his authority over seven climes to counter rumours of his eldest son's potential ascension. Suleiman, marching east with a significant Ottoman force set camp near Ereğli, close to Konya. Seeking reassurance amid plots against him, Mustafa arrived near the army camp on October 5 for an audience with his father. Greeted warmly by officials and presented with gifts, Mustafa, aware of the delicate situation, hoped for a reconciliation during the audience. The positive reception to Mustafa indicated the cautious dynamics within the Ottoman family, recognising that refusal to attend the audience could be perceived as an act of rebellion.[40][41]

Execution

[edit]

It is believed that fake letters were produced by Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha in order to eliminate Şehzade Mustafa from the throne race. These letters indicated that Şehzade Mustafa had his eye on the throne while his father was still alive and supported rebellious movements. Initially, Sultan Suleiman did not believe the accusations and asked not to be approached with such matters. However, Şehzade Mustafa was also deceived by the statesmen close to him. These statesmen tried to convince the prince by saying, “Our sultan will leave the throne to you, but Rüstem Pasha is preventing this. You should grow a beard and plant your personal standard so that your father understands your intention and leaves the throne to you." Şehzade Mustafa believed these words and did what was suggested. He grew a beard and planted his personal standard. Growing a beard was forbidden for princes because it was a symbol of the sultan, as was planting the standard. A prince who fulfilled these two acts was essentially declaring his ambition for the throne. As seen in miniatures, Şehzade Mustafa had a beard. His quick belief in this deception was influenced by the example of his grandfather, Yavuz Sultan Selim, who also fought against his father and later ascended the throne at his father's request.

Upon learning of this, Sultan Suleiman sought advice from his most trusted religious scholars. He asked what should be done in a hypothetical situation where a trusted slave had embezzled his master's money and set a trap against him.[42] Mehmet Ebussuud Efendi, one of the prominent scholars of the time, responded, "In this case, it is appropriate to torture the slave until death." This response meant that according to Sharia law, it was permissible to execute Şehzade Mustafa for the sake of the state's order.

In 1553, after setting out on the Persian campaign, Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha halted the army when they reached Aksaray and sent the head of the sipahis, Ahmed Ağa, to Istanbul. He reported that the janissaries were inclined toward Şehzade Mustafa and that rumors were spreading among the soldiers, claiming that due to his old age, the Sultan should reside in Dimetoka and Şehzade Mustafa should become the ruler. Rüstem Pasha asked the Sultan to personally lead the campaign and did not proceed further from Aksaray, awaiting instructions.

Upon receiving this news, the Sultan recalled Rüstem Pasha and, in late August 1553, set out on the Persian campaign himself. He sent Şehzade Bayezid, the governor of Kütahya, to Edirne to oversee the Rumelia region. On September 21st, the army arrived in Bolvadin, where they were met by Şehzade Selim, the governor of Saruhan, and his soldiers. The following day, Selim appeared before the Sultan, kissed his hand, and was ordered to join the campaign. On October 5th, when the army reached the village of Akhüyük near Konya-Ereğli, Şehzade Mustafa was there with his entire retinue, having set up camp to meet the army. The next day, the state officials visited the prince to kiss his hand, and ceremonial robes were bestowed upon all of them. [43]

From there, the prince mounted his horse and rode to the Sultan’s pavilion, dismounting close to the Sultan’s council tent and walking the rest of the way. The viziers led him to the front of the Sultan’s tent, where they saluted him. When Şehzade Mustafa entered the imperial tent to kiss his father's hand, seven mute executioners awaited him. Though the executioners immediately attacked, Mustafa managed to escape. However, Zal Mahmud Ağa, one of the palace servants and a powerful wrestler of the time, caught up with him, pinned him to the ground, and strangled him. Some accounts suggest that the Sultan was present in the tent at the time, overseeing his son's execution, hidden behind a curtain or speaking to him.

Immediately following the execution of Şehzade Mustafa, his stable master and one of his close attendants were also executed by beheading. Around the same time, the gatekeeper's deputy arrived, took the imperial seal from Rüstem Pasha, and informed him of his dismissal, appointing Vizier Haydar Pasha in his place. The seal was then handed to Second Vizier Ahmet Pasha, signifying his new position as grand vizier. Later, the scholars accompanying the army were instructed to go to Ereğli to lead Şehzade Mustafa's funeral prayer. After the prayer, his body was taken to Bursa for burial. The prince's personal treasure, tents, and animals at the army camp were seized by the state treasury, while many of his retainers were granted timars and zeamets. [44] The death of Şehzade Mustafa caused widespread outrage among the soldiers and the public. The janissaries, blaming Rüstem Pasha for the incident, attacked his tent but could not find him. In a show of mourning, they refused to eat their midday meal and demanded Rüstem Pasha's dismissal. This pressure is believed to have forced Sultan Suleiman to remove Rüstem Pasha from office on the same day, replacing him with Kara Ahmed Pasha. Despite multiple attempts by the janissaries to kill Rüstem Pasha, they were either stopped by Şehzade Bayezid or Sultan Suleiman's soldiers. Rüstem Pasha eventually fled the army camp in secret and returned to Istanbul.

Şehzade Cihangir, who was very fond of his brother Şehzade Mustafa, had also accompanied Sultan Suleiman on the campaign. Upon hearing the news of his brother’s death, he fell into deep sorrow and became ill. Unable to bear the grief, he passed away in Aleppo.

After Şehzade Mustafa's execution, his mother Mahidevran Sultan and his family (his wives, daughters, and his son Şehzade Mehmed) were sent to Bursa from Konya. However, upon hearing rumors among the soldiers that “if Şehzade Mustafa is dead, his son will take the throne,” Sultan Suleiman ordered the execution of his grandson as well. Shortly after his father’s death, the 7-year-old Şehzade Mehmed was strangled and buried beside Şehzade Mustafa. Şehzade Mustafa’s tomb was built in 1555 or 1556 by his brother, Selim II, and the inscription on the tomb reads: "Shah Selim, son of the illustrious Suleiman, ordered this delightful rose garden to be built. The slave Edayi recited the chronogram: 'The rose garden shrine of Sultan Mustafa."

Mustafa's execution stirred widespread grief and dissent, prompting Suleiman to swiftly dismiss Rüstem from the grand vizierate.[45][46][47] Public outrage found expression in poems, notably one by Taşlıcalı Yahya, and a popular chronogram implicated "Rüstem's conspiracy and deceit" (mekr-i Rüstem). The poets lamented Mustafa as a "martyr" (şehid), refuting allegations of his supposed collaboration with Tahmasp. Criticism extended to Rüstem, Hürrem, and even Chief Jurist Ebussuud Efendi. A Safavid source also conveyed discontent, using a chronogram to term the execution of Mustafa's son Mehmed as an "injustice repeated" (sitam-e mukarrar).[48]

Family

[edit]

Sons

[edit]

Mustafa had at least three sons. All his sons alive at the time of his death were executed shortly after by their grandfather Suleiman the Magnificent.

  • Şehzade Mehmed (1546, Amasya – May 1554, Bursa). With Rümeysa Hatun [47]
  • Şehzade Ahmed (dead in 1553?).[49]
  • Şehzade Orhan (died in 1552/1553)

Daughters

[edit]

Mustafa had at least three daughters:[47][50][24]

  • Fatma Sultan. She married Boşnak Ahmed Pasha in 1552.
  • Nergisşah Sultan (1536, Manisa – 1592).In 1554, after her father's death, her grandfather Süleyman married her to Cenâbî Ahmed Pasha, who was twenty years older than her father and was Sanjak Bey of Kütahya for 20 years. She widowed in 1562.
  • Şah Sultan (c. 1547, Amasya – 2 November 1577). She married Abdülkerim Ağa, Janissaries' general, between 1562 and 1567.
[edit]
  • In 1561, eight years after Mustafa's death, the French author Gabriel Bounin wrote a tragedy titled La Soltane about the role of Hürrem Sultan in Mustafa's death.[51] This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.[52]
  • Anonymous 1581 Cambridge play Solymannidae.[53]
  • Anton Maria Caspi's 1606 French play Il Mustafa.[54]
  • Fulke Greville's 1609 British play The Tragedy of Mustapha.[53]
  • Georges Thilloy's French 1617 play, Solyman Il Quatorziesme Empereur des Turcs.[53]
  • Jean Mairet's 1639 French play Le Grand et Dernier Solyman ou la Mort de Mustapha.[53]
  • Charles von Dalibray's 1637 French play Le Solyman.[53]
  • Roger Boyle's 1665 British play The Tragedy of Mustapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent.[53] Henry Harris portrayed Mustafa.
  • F. Cerone's 1722 French play Il Solimano.[54]
  • In 1739 a British play Mustapha by David Mallet was performed at Drury Lane.[55] William Milward portrayed Mustafa.
  • Michel Angelo Valentini's 1756 French play Solimano.[54]
  • C. Federici's 1800 French play Solimano il Magnifico.[54]
  • Guido Dezan's 1886 French play Solimano II.[54]
  • In the 2003 Turkish TV miniseries, Hürrem Sultan, Mustafa was played by Turkish actor Ercü Turan.[56]
  • In the 2011 television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Mustafa is played by Turkish actor Mehmet Günsür.[57]
  • Mustafa is the main character of Ridvan Akbay's historical novel The Devoted Call for Hope: Mustafa, the Son of Suleiman (2021).[58]
  • Mustafa is the main character of Ridvan Akbay's another historical novel Black Tent: The Death of Prince Mustafa (2021).[59]
  • Mustafa's life and execution are depicted in the 2022 film Three Thousand Years of Longing, where he is played by Matteo Boccelli, son of singer Andrea Boccelli.[60]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 89.
  2. ^ a b c Atçıl 2016, p. 76.
  3. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 108, 120.
  4. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 121.
  5. ^ a b c Peirce 1993, p. 55.
  6. ^ a b Şahin 2023, p. 154.
  7. ^ a b c d e Şahin 2020, p. 143.
  8. ^ Akbar, M.J (May 3, 2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. pp. 88. ISBN 978-1-134-45258-3.
  9. ^ Şahin 2020, p. 142.
  10. ^ Bozkuyu, A. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi / ÖSYM'nin Tüm Sınavları İçin Uygundur.(KPSS, TYT, AYT). Aybars Bozkuyu. p. 95.
  11. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 56.
  12. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 173.
  13. ^ Güler 2011, p. 7.
  14. ^ a b Şahin 2023, pp. 173, 228.
  15. ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 234.
  16. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 78.
  17. ^ "MUSTAFA ÇELEBİ". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  18. ^ Arıkan, Zeki (December 1, 1990). Osmanlı Araştırmaları X: Manisa'nın 1 Numaralı Şer'iyye Sicilindeki Osmanlı Tarihi. p. 125.
  19. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 230.
  20. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 230–231.
  21. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 231.
  22. ^ Atçıl 2016, p. 77.
  23. ^ a b Atçıl 2016, p. 81.
  24. ^ a b Güler 2011, p. 21.
  25. ^ Hüsameddin, Hüseyin (1927). Amasya Tarihi, Volume III. Istanbul. pp. 308–309.
  26. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 228.
  27. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 228–229.
  28. ^ Atçıl 2016, p. 80.
  29. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 232.
  30. ^ a b Atçıl 2016, p. 78.
  31. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 232–233.
  32. ^ Atçıl 2016, pp. 78–79.
  33. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 233.
  34. ^ Atçıl, Zahit (2016-07-27). "Why Did Süleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Şehzade Mustafa in 1553?". Osmanlı Araştırmaları. Osmanli Arastirmalari: 67–103. doi:10.18589/oa.586488. ISSN 0255-0636.
  35. ^ Atçıl, Zahit (2016-07-27). "Why Did Süleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Şehzade Mustafa in 1553?". Osmanlı Araştırmaları. Osmanli Arastirmalari: 67–103. doi:10.18589/oa.586488. ISSN 0255-0636.
  36. ^ Şahin, K. (2023). Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753163-1.
  37. ^ Şahin, K. (2020). "Mustafa Çelebi", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_40252.
  38. ^ Atçıl, Zahit (2016-07-27). "Why Did Süleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Şehzade Mustafa in 1553?". Osmanlı Araştırmaları. Osmanli Arastirmalari: 67–103. doi:10.18589/oa.586488. ISSN 0255-0636.
  39. ^ Şahin, K. (2023). Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753163-1.
  40. ^ Atçıl, Zahit (2016-07-27). "Why Did Süleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Şehzade Mustafa in 1553?". Osmanlı Araştırmaları. Osmanli Arastirmalari: 67–103. doi:10.18589/oa.586488. ISSN 0255-0636.
  41. ^ Şahin, K. (2023). Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753163-1.
  42. ^ http://Barber,%20Noel%20(1967).%20The%20Lords%20Of%20The%20Golden%20Horn. Barber, Noel (1967). The Lords Of The Golden Horn.
  43. ^ İbrahim Peçevi, Peçevi Tarihi (Sayfa: 162), Neşriyat Yurdu, 1968
  44. ^ Afyoncu, Erhan (2012). Kanuni ve Şehzade Mustafa.
  45. ^ Atçıl 2016, pp. 91–92.
  46. ^ Şahin 2020, p. 144.
  47. ^ a b c Peirce 1993, p. 60.
  48. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 235–236.
  49. ^ Konyalı, İbrahim Hakkı (2007). Konya Tahihi. Konya. p. 280
  50. ^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman (Sayfa: 174-189), Babıali Kültür Yayınları, 2006
  51. ^ Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 2008). The Literature of the French Renaissance. p. 87. ISBN 9780559890888.
  52. ^ The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1838. p. 418.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Erkoç, Seda (2008). Repercussions of a Murder: The Death of Sehzade Mustafa on the Early Modern English Stage. Central European University, Budapest. pp. 2, 61.
  54. ^ a b c d e Atçıl 2016, p. 69.
  55. ^ Baker, D.E.; Reed, I.; Jones, S. (1812). Names of dramas : M-Z. Latin plays by English authors. Oratorios. Appendix to v.2 and 3. Additions and corrections to v.2 and 3. Biographia Dramatica, Or, A Companion to the Playhouse : Containing Historical and Critical Memoirs, and Original Anecdotes, of British and Irish Dramatic Writers from the Commencement of Our Theatrical Exhibitions ; Among Whom are Some of the Most Celebrated Actors : Also an Alphabetical Account, and Chronological Lists, of Their Works, the Dates when Printed, and Observations on Their Merits : Together with an Introductory View of the Rise and Progress of the British Stage. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. p. 64.
  56. ^ "Hürrem Sultan (TV Series 2003)". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  57. ^ "Mehmet Günsür: Sehzade Mustafa, Sehzade Mustafa". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  58. ^ Akbay, Ridvan (2021-02-28). The Devoted Call for Hope: Mustafa, the Son of Suleiman. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN 979-8-714-58892-1.
  59. ^ Akbay, Ridvan (2021-03-13). Black Tent: The Death of Prince Mustafa. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN 979-8-721-54542-9.
  60. ^ Schube, Will (2022-08-19). "Matteo Bocelli Returns With New Single 'Cautionary Tale'". uDiscover Music. Retrieved 2024-02-06.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Şehzade_Mustafa&oldid=1245041474"