Harvard University
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Latin: Universitas Harvardiana | |
Former names | Harvard College |
---|---|
Motto | Veritas (Latin)[1] |
Motto in English | "Truth" |
Type | Private research university |
Established | 1636[2] |
Founder | Massachusetts General Court |
Accreditation | NECHE |
Academic affiliations | |
Endowment | $50.7 billion (2023)[3][4] |
President | Alan Garber |
Provost | John F. Manning[5] |
Academic staff | ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[6] |
Students | 21,613 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Undergraduates | 7,240 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Postgraduates | 14,373 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Location | , , United States 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W |
Campus | Midsize city[8], 209 acres (85 ha) |
Newspaper | The Harvard Crimson |
Colors | Crimson, white, and black[9] |
Nickname | Crimson |
Sporting affiliations | |
Mascot | John Harvard |
Website | harvard |
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Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[10]
Harvard's founding was authorized by the Massachusetts colonial legislature, "dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches". Harvard College was never formally affiliated with any denomination, but initially trained Congregational clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century.
By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.[11][12] Following the American Civil War, under Harvard president Charles William Eliot's long tenure from 1869 to 1909, the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.[13] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university has ten academic faculties and Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:[14] the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[15] Harvard's endowment is valued at $50.7 billion, making it the wealthiest academic institution in the world.[3][4] Endowment income enables the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide financial aid with no loans. According to the American Library Association, Harvard University has the fourth-largest library by volumes held in the United States.
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included 188 living billionaires, eight U.S. presidents, numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Recipients, Pulitzer Prize recipients, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top university in the world in each of these categories.[Notes 1] Additionally, students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards and 110 Olympic medals (46 gold).
History
Colonial era
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg)
Harvard was founded in 1636 during the colonial, pre-Revolutionary era by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired British North America's first known printing press.[16][17]
In 1639, it was named Harvard College after John Harvard, an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, and bequeathed the emerging college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes.[18] The charter for Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.
A 1643 publication defined the college's purpose: "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[19] The college trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[20] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.[21]
Increase Mather served as Harvard College's president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first Harvard president who was not also a clergyman.[22]
19th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg)
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by Enlightenment Age ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among Congregational ministers and placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, Calvinist pastors and clergies.[23]: 1–4 In 1803, following the death of Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan and the death of Harvard president Joseph Willard a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, Henry Ware was elected Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal Samuel Webber was appointed as Harvard president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and Arminian ideas.[23]: 4–5 [24]: 24
From 1869 to 1909, Harvard University president Charles William Eliot decreased the historically favored position of Christianity from the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by Transcendentalist and Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and others, rather than secularism.[25]
In 1816, Harvard University launched new programs in the study of French and Spanish, and appointed George Ticknor the university's first professor for these language programs.
Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During World War II, female students at Radcliffe College, who had historically been instructed by repeats of Harvard's lectures, were afforded entry into Harvard.[26]
20th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg)
In 1945, women were first admitted to the medical school.[28] In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities.[13]
Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.[29]
In the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.
The student body in its first decades of the 20th century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians", according to sociologist and author Jerome Karabel.[30]
In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, President A. Lawrence Lowell supported a policy change that would have capped the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. But Lowell's idea was rejected. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's freshman dormitories, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[31][32][33][34]
Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by Harvard president James B. Conant, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, an influential 268-page report, General Education in a Free Society, was published by Harvard faculty under Conant's leadership. The report remains one of the most important works in curriculum studies.[35]
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of World War II, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[36] No longer drawing mostly from select prep schools in New England, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these groups in the general U.S. population.[37] Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.[38]
21st century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/220px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg)
On July 1, 2007, Drew Gilpin Faust, dean of Harvard Radcliffe Institute, was appointed Harvard's 28th president, the university's first female president.[39] On July 1, 2018, after Faust retired and joined the board of Goldman Sachs, Lawrence Bacow became Harvard's 29th president.[40] Bacow retired in 2023.
In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[41]
On July 1, 2023, Claudine Gay, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, succeeded Bacow as the university's 30th president. In January 2024, Provost Alan Garber succeeded Gay as interim president after Gay resigned following allegations of antisemitism and plagiarism.[42]
On April 24, 2024, a student-led Harvard group, Harvard Out of Occupied Palestine (HOOP), established a pro-Palestinian encampment on Harvard Yard, blocking access to the yard. On May 14, 2024, HOOP ended the encampment, and Garber issued a statement committing to "facilitate a meeting with the chair of the Corporation Committee on Shareholder Responsibility and other University officials to address questions about the endowment," and, along with dean of faculty of arts and sciences (FAS) Hopi Hoekstra, to "meet with students to hear their perspectives on academic matters related to longstanding conflicts in the Middle East."[43] Five students were suspended, over 20 were placed on probation,[44] and 13 were prohibited from walking at commencement, despite a faculty vote to allow them to do so.[45]
In 2024, Harvard was named in three separate lawsuits, alleging that it has failed to adequately address antisemitism on campus.[undue weight? – discuss] On January 10, 2024, law firm Kasowitz Benson Torres filed suit against Harvard on behalf of several Jewish students, alleging a violation of the student's civil rights under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[46][47][48] On February 21, 2024, Shurat Hadin, a Tel Aviv-based organization, filed suit against Harvard on behalf of 10 Harvard alumni, who accused the university of "'devaluing' their diplomas due to the antisemitism."[49] On May 22, 2024, the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under the Law filed a lawsuit alleging "'cruel anti-Semitic bullying, harassment, and discrimination' unaddressed for years".[50][51] In August 2024, a federal judge "found plausible accusations that Harvard was deliberately indifferent toward Jewish and Israeli students who said they feared for their safety after facing severe and pervasive harassment," and he ruled that the university must face the lawsuit brought against them.[52][53]
Campuses
Cambridge
The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on Harvard Yard, colloquially known as "the Yard", in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extending to the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including University Hall, Massachusetts Hall, Widener Library, Pusey Library, Houghton Library, Lamont Library, and Memorial Church.
The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including Sever Hall and Harvard Hall Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses, located south of the Yard near the Charles River and on Radcliffe Quadrangle, which formerly housed Radcliffe College students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[54]
Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Radcliffe Yard.[55] Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[56][57]
Allston
Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the Allston section of Boston across the John W. Weeks Bridge, which crosses the Charles River and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.[58]
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[59] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[60]
In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is over 500,000 square feet in size.[61] SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.[62]
Longwood
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/220px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)
The schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[15] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.
Other
Harvard owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[63] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[64] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[65] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.
Organization and administration
Governance
School | Founded |
Harvard College | 1636 |
Medicine | 1782 |
Divinity | 1816 |
Law | 1817 |
Engineering and Applied Sciences | 1847 |
Dental Medicine | 1867 |
Arts and Sciences | 1872 |
Business | 1908 |
Extension | 1910 |
Design | 1936 |
Education | 1920 |
Public Health | 1913 |
Government | 1936 |
Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.[66] There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[67] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[68]
The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX.
Endowment
Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.[3][4] During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[69] The endowment has since recovered.[70][71][72][73]
About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[74] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[75] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[76]
Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[77][78]
In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[79][80] The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.[79][81]
Academics
Teaching and learning
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/220px-HarvardYard.jpg)
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[83] offering 50 undergraduate majors,[84] 134 graduate degrees,[85] and 32 professional degrees.[86] During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[86]
Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[83][84] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[87] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[88] Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[89]
Professional schools
School | Founded | Enrollment[90] |
---|---|---|
Harvard University | 1636 | 31,345 |
Medicine | 1782 | 660 |
Divinity | 1816 | 377 |
Law | 1817 | 1,990 |
Dental Medicine | 1867 | 280 |
Arts and Sciences | 1872 | 4,824 |
Business | 1908 | 2,011 |
Extension | 1910 | 3,428 |
Design | 1914 | 878 |
Education | 1920 | 876 |
Public Health | 1922 | 1,412 |
Government | 1936 | 1,100 |
Engineering | 2007 | 1,750 |
Research
Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[91] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.[83]
With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[92] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[93] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.[94]
Libraries and museums
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/220px-Widener_Library.jpg)
The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[95][96][97] According to the American Library Association, it is the 4th largest library by volumes held in the United States.[98][6]
Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.
The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museums of Science and Culture are made up of the Harvard Museum of Natural History, which itself includes the Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology; the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, found in the Harvard Science Center; the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East; and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive; the Warren Anatomical Museum, found at Harvard Medical School's Center for the History of Medicine; and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research.
Reputation and rankings
Academic rankings | |
---|---|
National | |
ARWU[99] | 1 |
Forbes[100] | 8 |
U.S. News & World Report[101] | 3 (tie) |
Washington Monthly[102] | 1 |
WSJ/College Pulse[103] | 6 |
Global | |
ARWU[99] | 1 |
QS[104] | 4 |
THE[105] | 4 |
U.S. News & World Report[106] | 1 |
Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[107] The university has held the first place on the Academic Ranking of World Universities since its release in 2003. It held the top spot in the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, every year that the ranking was published. Since then, Harvard has held first place on the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings every year since its release in 2011.[108]
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.[109]
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[110] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents[111][112][113]—even in 2024, after elite universities faced decline in their public perception following the 2023 Congressional hearing on antisemitism that led to the resignations of Harvard and Penn presidents.[114] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by Times Higher Education.[115]
In international relations, Foreign Policy magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.[116]
Student life
Race and ethnicity[117] | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
White | 36% | ||
Asian | 21% | ||
Hispanic | 12% | ||
Foreign national | 11% | ||
Black | 11% | ||
Other[Notes 2] | 9% | ||
Economic diversity | |||
Low-income[Notes 3] | 18% | ||
Affluent[Notes 4] | 82% |
Student government
The Undergraduate Council represented College students, until it was dissolved in 2022,[118] and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[119]
Athletics
Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have intramural sports programs.
Harvard College competes in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[120] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[121] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[122] The school color is crimson.[123]
Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[124]
Harvard University Gazette
The Harvard Gazette, also called the Harvard University Gazette, is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a website. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Founded in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968, it became a weekly newspaper. In 2010, the Gazette "shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who worked previously for Associated Press, Miami Herald, and The Boston Globe.
Notable people
Alumni
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Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs.
Harvard's affiliates include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 162 Nobel laureates (official count 48 active faculty at the time of the award),[Notes 1] 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, and 252 Marshall Scholars.[125][126][127][128] Harvard students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.[129][130]
- Notable Harvard alumni include:
-
2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[131]
-
Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)
-
Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)
-
19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[134]
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)
-
Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)
-
26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[135]
-
Sociologist and civil rights activist
W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895) -
Poet Robert Frost (no degree)
-
32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[136]
-
Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)
-
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)
-
Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)
-
Economist and Nobel laureate in economics Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)
-
Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)
-
35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[137]
-
15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)
-
Mathematician and domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski (AB, 1962)
-
7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)
-
45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)
-
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[138]
-
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (AB, 1971; JD, 1975)
-
11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)
-
14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)
-
43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[139]
-
17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
-
8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)
-
Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[140]
-
44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[141][142]
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Neil Gorsuch (JD, 1991)
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB, 1992; JD, 1996)
Faculty
- Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
Literature and popular culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg)
The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.[143]
Literature
- The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both depict Harvard student life.[144]
- Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.[145]
- The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;[145] it won the Pulitzer Prize.[146]
- The Second Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.[147][148][149][150][151]
Film
Harvard only rarely permits filming on its property, so most scenes set at Harvard, especially indoor shots, are filmed elsewhere.[152][153]
- Love Story (1970), a romance between a wealthy Harvard ice hockey player, played by Ryan O'Neal, and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by Ali MacGraw.[154][155][156]
- The Paper Chase (1973),[157] a drama about a first year Harvard Law School student
- A Small Circle of Friends (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s[152]
See also
- Academic regalia of Harvard University
- Gore Hall
- Harvard College social clubs
- Harvard University Police Department
- Harvard University Press
- Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
- I, Too, Am Harvard
- List of Harvard University named chairs
- List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
- List of oldest universities in continuous operation
- Outline of Harvard University
- Secret Court of 1920
Notes
- ^ a b Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
"The official Harvard count, which is 49, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel affiliates, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do". Archived from the original on March 22, 2023.- Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- "Top Producers". us.fulbrightonline.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- "US Rhodes Scholars Over Time". www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- "Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress". Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
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- ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans and those who prefer not to say.
- ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
- ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class or wealthier.
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- ^ "Late George Apley". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
- ^ King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371.
...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.
- ^ Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). "White Shoe and Weak Will". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015.
The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.
- ^ Yardley, Jonathan (December 23, 2009). "Second Reading". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015.
'...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree].
- ^ Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". The New York Times. p. BR5.
exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest
- ^ "John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". Southwest Review. Vol. 38. p. 267.
So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). "University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Sarah Thomas (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". boston.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ "Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..." Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). "The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ Gewertz, Ken (February 8, 1996). "A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation". Harvard University Gazette.
- ^ Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). "The Paper Chase at 40". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
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