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Polish People's Army

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Wojsko Ludowe)
For other uses, see Polish People's Army (disambiguation).
For the current military of Poland, see Polish Armed Forces.
Not to be confused with Home Army.
Polish People's Army
Ludowe Wojsko Polskie
Emblem worn by LWP soldiers
ActiveMay 1943 – December 1989
Country Polish People's Republic
(1947–1989)
Allegiance Polish People's Republic
BranchAir Force of the Polish Army
(1943–1947)
Polish Air Force
(1947–1989)
Polish Air Defence Force
(1962–1989)
Polish Land Forces
Polish Navy
Size200,000
(1945)
HeadquartersSeltsy, RSFSR, Soviet Union
(1943–1945)
Warsaw, Polish People's Republic
(1945–1989)
PatronTadeusz Kościuszko
EngagementsWorld War II - Eastern Front

Aftermath of World War II

Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Battle honours For Warsaw
For Battle of Berlin
Commanders
First SecretaryMieczysław Rakowski (last)
Prime MinisterTadeusz Mazowiecki (last)
Minister of National DefenceFlorian Siwicki (last)
Chief of the General StaffJózef Użycki (last)

The Polish People's Army (Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, pronounced [luˈdɔvɛ ˈvɔjskɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; LWP)[1] constituted the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1943–1945, and in 1945–1989 the armed forces of the Polish communist state (from 1952, the Polish People's Republic), ruled by the Polish Workers' Party and then the Polish United Workers' Party. The communist-led Polish armed forces, allowed and facilitated by Joseph Stalin, were the result of efforts made in the early 1940s in the Soviet Union by Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling.

The official name of those formations were: Armia Polska w ZSRR (Polish Army in the USSR) from 1943 to 1944, Wojsko Polskie (Polish Troops) and Siły Zbrojne Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej (Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland) from 1944 to 1952 and from 1952 Siły Zbrojne Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic). On 7 October 1950, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino was declared the official "Day of the Polish People's Army" by the authorities of the People's Republic.

History[edit]

World War II[edit]

Main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East
Polish troops, 1943

What became the LWP was formed during World War II, in May 1943, as the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army, unofficially known as Berling's Army. Because of the shortage of Polish officers and the policies of the Soviet Union, in March 1945 Soviet Red Army officers accounted for nearly 52% of the officer corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained in the LWP by July 1946.[2]

It was not the only Polish formation that fought on the Allied side, nor the first one formed in the East. The earlier Polish force formed in the Soviet Union, known as Anders' Army, was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and by that time had moved to Iran. The communist-led Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the First Polish Army (initially under Zygmunt Berling) and the Second Polish Army (commanded by Karol Świerczewski). The First Polish Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the Battle of Kolberg and the final Battle of Berlin.[1]

Immediate post-war years[edit]

The Polish First Army on their way to Berlin, 1945
Polish flag raised on the top of Berlin Victory Column on 2 May 1945
T-55A tanks of the Polish People's Army (Martial law in Poland)

After the war the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) military districts. These were the Warsaw Military District, headquartered (HQ) in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, HQ in Lublin, the Kraków Military District, HQ in Kraków, the Łódź Military District, HQ in Łódź, the Poznań Military District, HQ in Poznań, the Pomeranian Military District, HQ in Toruń, and the Silesian Military District, HQ in Katowice.[citation needed]

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Polish Army was under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and Minister of Defense of Poland Konstantin Rokossovsky. It was increasingly integrated into Soviet military structure and organization. This process was mitigated in the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when Władysław Gomułka formalized aspects of Poland's military relationship with the Soviet Union.[3] The Sovietization of the armed forces structure was phased out altogether and thus the combat and service support structures were integrated once more into regular combat formations following the old Polish model.

Cold War[edit]

General Wojciech Jaruzelski in 1984

An anti-Zionist purge in the Polish Army took place in 1968 to systematically remove soldiers of Jewish origin, following the Six-Day War between Israel and Arab countries.

Characteristics[edit]

Uniform[edit]

In 1949, the first fundamental uniform reform after the war was made.[4] The "Dress Rules for the Soldiers of the Polish Army" were introduced and were to apply from January 1, 1951.

In the Polish People's Army, a soft field cap modeled on the pre-war one was introduced. After the war, the pre-war garrison caps were used again. Stiffened caps were only worn until around 1950 when they were completely replaced by round caps. In 1982, the Polish Rogatywka, modeled on the pattern from 1935, were restored in the Polish Army's Representative Company.[5]

Chaplaincy[edit]

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Polish People's Army, its officers and soldiers were provided with pastoral care. Such a service was provided by the General Dean's Office of the Polish Army.[6]

Training[edit]

See also: Dzerzhinsky Political-Military Academy in Warsaw

In the 1980s, the Polish People's Republic had 4 military academies and 11 higher officers' schools, which trained auxiliary corpsmen and corresponded in rank to higher educational institutions. In 1954, judo instructors from the Warsaw and Kraków institutes of physical culture, participated in the training program for border guards and military personnel of the airborne units of the Polish army.[7]

Equipment[edit]

Weapon Origin Type Notes Photo
P-64  Polish People's Republic Semi-automatic pistol
P-83  Polish People's Republic Semi-automatic pistol
AKM

AKMS

 Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Assault rifle Standard issue rifle
FB Glauberyt  Polish People's Republic Submachine gun Limited use
7.62 mm pm wz.41  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Submachine gun Polish PPSh-41 produced domestically.[8]
SWD  Soviet Union Designated sniper rifle Standard marksman rifle of PPA
PK  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

General purpose machinegun Standard general purpose machinegun of PPA
SKS  Soviet Union Semi-automatic rifle [9]
Mosin–Nagant  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic  Russian Empire

Bolt-action rifle Domestically produced.[10]
SG-43 Goryunov  Polish People's Republic

 Soviet Union

Machine gun [11]
RPG-7  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Light AT weapon

Ground Forces[edit]

Tank Origin Version In service Notes
T-72  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic  Czechoslovakia

M, M1 785[12][13]
T-54/T-55  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic  Czechoslovakia

A, AD, AM,

AD-1, AD-2, L, U

2,850[13]
T-34  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

85 1,000[14] Domestically produced after the war ended.

Was replaced by T-55s in active service.

PT-76  Soviet Union 58[13]
APC/IFV Origin Version In service Notes
BWP-1  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

IFV 1 400[15]
BMP-2  Soviet Union IFV 62[16] Sold to Angola after communism fell in country.[13]
OT-64 SKOT  Czechoslovakia

 Polish People's Republic

APC 2 500[17] Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia
OT-62 TOPAS  Czechoslovakia

 Polish People's Republic

APC 600[18] Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia
MT-LB  Soviet Union APC 15 [19]
BRDM-2  Soviet Union Reconnaissance vehicles 685[20]
FUG  Hungarian People's Republic

Air Force[edit]

Model Origin Type In service Notes
MiG-21  Soviet Union Fighter 600 [21]
MiG-23  Soviet Union Fighter 40 [21]
MiG-29  Soviet Union Fighter 12 [21]
Sukhoi Su-7  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 50 [21]
Su-20  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 40 [22]
Sukhoi Su-22  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 110 [22]
Ilyushin Il-28  Soviet Union Bomber 80 [22]
Antonov An-2  Soviet Union Transport N/A [22]
Antonov An-26  Soviet Union Transport 20
Ilyushin Il-14  Soviet Union Transport 30
Mil Mi-8  Soviet Union Helicopter 80
Mil Mi-2  Soviet Union Helicopter 200 [23]
Mil Mi-24  Soviet Union Attack helicopter 40

Artillery[edit]

Rocket Artillery[edit]

Towed artillery[edit]

Selfpropelled artillery[edit]

Air defense[edit]

Mobile missile[edit]

Mobile self-propelled AA guns[edit]

Towed anti-aircraft gun

Engagements[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (2016). "Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego". Encyklopedia WIEM. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). "Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945-1956". Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL (in Polish). 2 (2). AWL: 86–87. ISSN 1731-8157.
  3. ^ Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR [The Magnificent Seven: First Secretaries of KC PZPR], Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, ISBN 978-83-7700-042-7, pp. 214–215
  4. ^ Dziennik rozkazów MON nr 4 z 1949 roku poz.30.
  5. ^ "Pulk Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego".
  6. ^ "Duszpasterstwo wojskowe w PRL". sjerzy.parafia.info.pl. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  7. ^ Влодзимеж Голембевский. Из-под Фудзиямы на Вислу // журнал «Польша», № 5 (117), май 1964. стр.52-53
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131214032102/http://www.fabrykabroni.pl/tresci.php. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2024-07-06. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ "Artigo original com identificação". dx.doi.org. doi:10.33233/eb.v17i5.2331.s1537. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  10. ^ "Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference". 2017-07-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  11. ^ Smith 1969, p. 526.
  12. ^ bocquelet, david. "Polish Tanks & AFVs of the Cold War". tanks-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  13. ^ a b c d "Polish Land Forces from 1945 - Muzeum Wojsk Lądowych". Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  14. ^ "Trade Registers". Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  15. ^ bocquelet, david. "Polish Tanks & AFVs of the Cold War". tanks-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  16. ^ BMP-2 Pancerni.net 1 Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  17. ^ Kubiaczyk C., Transporter opancerzony SKOT, A. Karaś, W. Stefanowska (red.), J. Magnuski, Seria: Typy broni i uzbrojenia, vol. 9, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1971
  18. ^ "Arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  19. ^ a b The Military Balance 2017, p. 145.
  20. ^ a b "Poland - Army Equipment". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  21. ^ a b c d "Orbats". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  22. ^ a b c d World Air Forces 1971 pg. 935. UK: FlightGlobal. 1971. p. 935. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  23. ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 47.
  24. ^ a b c "Poland - Army Equipment". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  25. ^ "Poland - Army Equipment". premium.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  26. ^ a b c "Poland - Army Equipment". premium.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  27. ^ "9K33 Osa (1972)". truck-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  28. ^ "5. ЗЕНИТНЫЕ САМОХОДНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ (ЗСУ) – Военный паритет". www.militaryparitet.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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