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Socialist Party USA

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This article is about the Socialist Party founded in 1973. For the Socialist Party active from 1901 through 1972, see Socialist Party of America.

Socialist Party of the United States of America
Chairs
  • Claudia Miller (SC)
  • Nicholas Partyka (NY)[1]
Vice Chairs
  • Ren Walstrom (IN)
  • Brian Bittner (MD)[1]
SecretaryGreg Pason
TreasurerPat Noble
Editor
  • Nicholas Partyka
FoundedMay 30, 1973; 51 years ago (1973-05-30)
Split fromSocial Democrats, USA
Preceded bySocialist Party of America
Headquarters168 Canal Street, 6th Floor New York City, New York 10013 (A. J. Muste Institute)
IdeologyDemocratic socialism
Anti-capitalism
Eco-socialism
Radical democracy[2]
Political positionLeft-wing
Colors  Red
Seats in the Senate
0 / 100
Seats in the House
0 / 435
Governorships
0 / 50
State Upper House Seats
0 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats
0 / 5,411
Local Offices3 (2022)
Website
www.socialistpartyusa.net
This article is part of a series on
Socialism
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The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor), the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split), and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".[2]

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, Dan La Botz, Brian Moore, and Walt Brown.

Organization

[edit]
Pat Noble, National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party

SPUSA is headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute. As of September 2024, the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties include Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Inactive state parties include California, Maine, Kansas.[3]

Membership

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In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide.[4] SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.[5] In 2008, WMNF claimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.[6] However, in 2010, CommonDreams wrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.[7] In May 2011, the The New York Times stated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".[8] In February 2012, The Root stated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.[9][10]

History

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Background

[edit]
See also: Socialist Party of America

In 1958, the Independent Socialist League, led by Max Shachtman, dissolved and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which was founded by Eugene V. Debs.[11] Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.[12][13][14] Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work with labor unions and civil rights organizations to build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. "Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.[13]

In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman.[15][16] This rename was meant to be "realistic". The New York Times observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for president in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.[15] The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.[17]

The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel  H. Friedman.[18] These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.[15] The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.[18]

Founding

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After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.

The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.[19] Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.[20]

After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.[21] SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.[4]

Subsequent history

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In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind,[22] saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message.[23]

In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.[24]

In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy".[25] Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".[26]

Ideology

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SPUSA argues that socialism can only come through social revolution. SPUSA tendencies include both democratic socialism, for a gradual transformation of society, and revolutionary socialism, for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations".[2] SPUSA describes socialism as a radically democratic system which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."[2]

Socialist Party candidates support expanding social spending and social ownership of capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing the United States health care system, a steeply graduated income tax, universal rent control and the elimination of all educational debts and tuition fees.[27] In 1997, Pason called auto insurance "a regressive tax against working people".[28] Moore was also vocal of his support for socialized medicine.[29] Moore supported economic democracy through social ownership and workers' control of our reigning industrial and financial institutions.[22]

Election results

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SPUSA has fielded electoral candidates for local, state, and federal offices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, as independent, or as Green Party candidates.

Current elected members

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Presidential elections

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Year Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular votes % Electoral votes Result Ballot access Notes Ref
2024 Bill Stodden Stephanie Cholensky TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD [37]
2016 Mimi Soltysik Angela Nicole Walker 4,061
0.00%
 0 Lost
3 / 51
 [38]
2012 Stewart Alexander Alejandro Mendoza 4,430
0.00%
 0 Lost
3 / 51
 [39][40]
2008 Brian Moore Stewart Alexander 6,581
0.01%
 0 Lost
8 / 51
 [41][42]
2004 Walt Brown Mary Alice Herbert 10,822
0.01%
 0 Lost
8 / 51
 [43]
2000 David McReynolds Mary Cal Hollis 5,602
0.01%
 0 Lost
7 / 51
 [44][45]
1996 Mary Cal Hollis Eric Chester 4,764
0.01%
 0 Lost
5 / 51
 [46][47]
1992 J. Quinn Brisben Barbara Garson 3,057
0.00%
 0 Lost
4 / 51
 [48][49]
1988 Willa Kenoyer Ron Ehrenreich 3,882
0.00%
 0 Lost
6 / 51
 [50][51]
1980 David McReynolds Diane Drufenbrock 6,898
0.01%
 0 Lost
10 / 51
 [52][53]
1976 Frank Zeidler J. Quinn Brisben 6,038
0.01%
 0 Lost
7 / 51
 [54][55]

In the 1984 presidential election, SPUSA nominated the Citizens Party candidate for president, Sonia Johnson.

In the 2020 presidential election, the SPUSA nominated the Green Party nominee Howie Hawkins for president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.[56]

Congressional elections

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Year Candidate Chamber State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2016 Jarrod Williams Senate Nevada Class 1 6,888
0.6%
 Lost ran as Independent [57]
2010 Dan La Botz Senate Ohio Class 3 26,454
0.69%
 Lost [58]

State elections

[edit]
Year Candidate Office State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2020 Jonny Meade House Washington 22nd 3,000
5.14%
 Lost nonpartisan election [59]
2018 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,706
3.6%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
2016 Seth Baker Senate Maine 3,712
16.7%
 Lost Green Party candidate [61]
2016 Michael Anderson House Michigan 1,584
4.8%
 Lost Green Party candidate [62][63]
2016 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 29,711
10.4%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
2014 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 17,460
10.3%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
2012 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 34,105
13.1%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [64][65][60]
2011 John Strinka House Indiana 39th 2,862
9.8%
 Lost explicit SPUSA candidate [66]
2008 Jon Osborne Senate Rhode Island 34th 2,494
21.6%
 Lost explicit SPUSA candidate [67]
2006 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 2,995
1.2%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
1996 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 4,156
1.6%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
1994 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,368
4.6%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
1992 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 21,161
8.0%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
1990 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 14,555
7.4%
 Lost SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [60]
1982 William Shakalis Senate Massachusetts Suffolk and Middlesex 4,417
12.3%
 Lost explicit SPUSA candidate [68]

Local elections

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Year Candidate Office City District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2023 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,893
99.2%
 Won nonpartisan election [69]
2022 Troy Thompson Mayor Minnesota Floodwood 51
31.5%
 Lost nonpartisan election [70]
2018 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 2,539
98.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [71]
2015 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,103
98.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [72]
2012 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,187
53.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [73][74]
2012 Troy Thompson Mayor Minnesota Floodwood 60
26.9%
 Lost nonpartisan election [75]
2011 Matt Erard Downtown District Citizens District Council Detroit Won nonpartisan election [76]
2000 Wendell Harris Mayor Milwaukee, Wisconsin At-Large 7,624
18.3%
 Lost nonpartisan election [77]
1995 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 5,307
52.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [78][79][80]
1991 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 6,380
80%
 Won nonpartisan election [78][79][81]
1989 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 3519
50.7%
 Won nonpartisan election [78][79][82]
1987 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 2645
48%
 Lost nonpartisan election [78][79][83]
1985 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 1974
43%
 Lost nonpartisan election [78][79][84]


In 2018 the Socialist Party of Michigan endorsed Matt Kuehnel for the Michigan State House of Representatives, a libertarian socialist who ran as a Libertarian Party candidate (999 votes, 3.3%).[85] The party also endorsed Maia Dendinger for Maine State Senate (1,109 votes, 7.1%),[86] David Elliot Pritt for the West Virginia House of Delegates (2,358 votes, 6%) and Andrew Saturn as Public Utility Commissioner in Thurston county, Washington (41,664 votes, 41.7%).[87][88] Dendinger ran under the Socialist Party label, whereas Pritt ran as a Mountain Party candidate.

Adriana Cerrillo won her race for the Minneapolis Board of Education 4th district, first advancing from the primary with 38.1% of the vote and winning the general in a narrow race with 49.9%.[32][33]

The party won its third elected official when Samantha Pree-Stinson won a seat on the Minneapolis Board of Estimate and Taxation.[30][31]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Party Structure".
  2. ^ a b c d "Socialism As Radical Democracy: Statement of Principles of the Socialist Party USA". Socialist Party USA. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  3. ^ "Socialist Party USA Directory". Socialist Party USA. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Socialists pick ex-mayor for presidency". The Modesto Bee. September 2, 1975. Retrieved February 8, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ Herbst, Moira (May 22, 2009). "Socialism? Hardly, Say Socialists". Business Week. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  6. ^ Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008). "Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate". WMNF. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  7. ^ Kenning, Chris (March 1, 2010). "Socialists Get Newfound Attention as 'Red-Baiting' Draws Interest From Youth". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  8. ^ Berger, Joseph (May 22, 2011). "Workers of the world, please see our web site" (membership 1,500). The New York Times.
  9. ^ Gordy, Cynthia (February 28, 2012). "Stewart Alexander Wants Your Vote". The Root. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012.
  10. ^ "Socialist Party USA". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  11. ^ The Dictionary of Labour Quotations. Biteback. September 11, 2013. ISBN 9781849546546.
  12. ^ 2008, p. 63.
  13. ^ a b Drucker (1994):
    Drucker, Peter (1994). Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century". Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-03816-8.
  14. ^ Beichman, Arnold (July 28, 2002). "Communism to anti-communism in lives of two rival editors (review two ISI books, James Burnham and the struggle for the world: A life by Daniel Kelly and Principles and heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the shaping of the American conservative movement by Kevin J. Smant)". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  15. ^ a b c The New York Times reported on the Convention for other days, e.g.
  16. ^ Gerald Sorin, The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880-1920. Bloomington. Indiana University Press. 1985. p. 155.
  17. ^ Anonymous (December 27, 1972). "Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split". The New York Times. p. 25. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017.
  18. ^ a b Anonymous (January 1, 1973). "'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 11.
  19. ^ Busky 2000, pp. 165.
  20. ^ Busky 2000, pp. 164.
  21. ^ "Socialists Pick '76 candidate". St. Petersburg Times. September 3, 1975. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  22. ^ a b Harrington, Elizabeth (October 29, 2008). "Socialist Party Candidate Visits U. Tampa". CBS News. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  23. ^ Frank, John (October 23, 2008). "Top of Socialist Party ticket says Obama's not a believer". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  24. ^ Altimari, Daniela (December 1, 2009). "If Obama's a socialist, his comrades aren't happy". Hartford Courant.
  25. ^ Altimari, Daniela (January 28, 2010). "Socialist Party response to Obama's state of the union speech". Hartford Courant. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  26. ^ Mcauliff, Michael (March 22, 2010). "Tea Party Head Spinner: Socialists Oppose Health Bill". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  27. ^ "Voter Guide / Other third-party candidates for governor". The Press of Atlantic City. November 1, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  28. ^ Preston, Jennifer (September 14, 1997). "On Politics; Hearing From the Seven Who Are Seldom Heard". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  29. ^ Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008). "Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate". WMNF. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2009.
  30. ^ a b Celock, John (January 7, 2013). "Pat Noble, 19-Year-Old Socialist, Takes New Jersey School Board Seat". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019.
  31. ^ a b "About the Board". Red Bank Regional High School. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
  32. ^ a b Klecker, Mara (November 4, 2020). "Incumbent Kim Ellison wins at-large seat as Minneapolis school board candidates focus on equity issues". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020.
  33. ^ a b "Election Result School Board Member District 4". Minnesota Secretary of State. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020.
  34. ^ "Congratulations to Adriana Cerrillo, Socialist Party-endorsed candidate and now Member-Elect for the Minneapolis School Board District 4! #VoteSocialist". Twitter. Socialist Party USA. November 4, 2020.
  35. ^ "Twin Cities SPUSA Candidate Samantha Pree-Stinson Speaks at Brackett Park". SPUSA. August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021.
  36. ^ "Sonya Emerick Elected to Minneapolis School Board". SPUSA. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022.
  37. ^ "Socialist Party USA Nominates Presidential Ticket | Ballot Access News". October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  38. ^ "Socialist Party USA". Twitter. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  39. ^ "2012 Presidential Election by State Stewart Alexis Alexander". The Green Papers. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  40. ^ "2012 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  41. ^ "2008 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  42. ^ "Election 2008: Primary, Caucus, and Convention Phase". The Green Papers. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  43. ^ "2004 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  44. ^ "2000 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  45. ^ Winger, Richard. "President - U.S. - 2000". Ballot Access News. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
  46. ^ "1996 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  47. ^ "President - U.S. - 1996". U.S. Election Atlas.org. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  48. ^ "1992 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  49. ^ "1992 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  50. ^ "1988 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  51. ^ Freeman 2008, p. 96.
  52. ^ "1980 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  53. ^ Smallwood 1983, p. 56.
  54. ^ "1976 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  55. ^ 1991, p. 150.
  56. ^ "Howie Hawkins Wins Socialist Party USA Nomination, Green Candidate Seeks To Build Left Unity With Multiple Nominations". Howie Hawkins Presidential Campaign. October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  57. ^ "Jarrod Williams". Ballotpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  58. ^ "State of Ohio 2010 General Election November 2, 2010 Unofficial Results". Ohio Secretary of State. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  59. ^ "Legislative District 22". results.vote.wa.gov. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mary Alice Herbert (LU)". Vermont Secretary of State.
  61. ^ "Seth Baker". Ballotpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  62. ^ "Michael Anderson (Michigan)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  63. ^ "2016 Elections". Socialist Party USA. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  64. ^ "Official Report of the Canvassing Committee United States and Vermont Statewide Offices General Election, November 6, 2012" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State Elections Division. November 13, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  65. ^ "Support a skatepark in Home Depot". The Commons. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  66. ^ "Election Results". Courier Journal. November 12, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  67. ^ "2008 General Election Results - Senator in General Assembly District 34". State of Rhode Island: Board of Election. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  68. ^ "William E. Shakalis (S)". electionstats.state.ma.us. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  69. ^ "November 6, 2018 General Election". Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  70. ^ "Board of Education Candidates". November 8, 2022.
  71. ^ "November 6, 2018 General Election". Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  72. ^ "November 3, 2018 General Election". Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  73. ^ "New Jersey Socialist Party Secretary Elected to Regional High School Board of Education". Ballot Access News. November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  74. ^ "2012 Board of Education Results" (PDF). Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  75. ^ "Results for Selected Contests in 21338 - Floodwood". November 8, 2012.
  76. ^ "Socialist Candidate Elected To City Of Detroit Downtown Citizens District Council". Detroit's Downtown District Citizens' District Council. April 16, 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
  77. ^ "Norquist, Watts Win Mayoral Primary Election in Milwaukee". St. Paul Pioneer Press. February 16, 2000. p. 2B.
  78. ^ a b c d e "Past Elections". Johnson County, Iowa.
  79. ^ a b c d e Lowenstein, Adam (May 26, 1999). "Kubby won't run again for City Council - Iowa City socialist/feminist to leave seat after 10 years work". The Gazette (Cedar Rapids-Iowa City). p. 1.
  80. ^ "November 7, 1995 City Election". Johnson County, Iowa.
  81. ^ "November 5, 1991 City Elections". Johnson County, Iowa.
  82. ^ "January 10, 1989 Iowa City Council Special". Johnson County, Iowa.
  83. ^ "November 3, 1987 City Election". Johnson County, Iowa.
  84. ^ "November 5, 1985 City Election". Johnson County, Iowa.
  85. ^ spmichigan. "Vote Socialist in 2018: Matt Kuehnel for State House | Socialist Party of Michigan". Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  86. ^ Robbins, Meg (October 25, 2018). "Former English instructor Dendinger surprised by political calling". The Maine Monitor. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  87. ^ "Can 'Democratic Socialists of America' Be Salvaged? - Puget Sound Socialist Party - Revolutionary Socialism, One Rain-Soaked Day At A Time". Puget Sound Socialist Party. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  88. ^ "Thurston County November 6, 2018 General Election". results.vote.wa.gov.

References

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Further reading

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