Randall Terry
Randall Terry | |
---|---|
![]() Terry in 2024 | |
Born | Randall Allen Terry April 25, 1959 New York City, New York, U.S. |
Education | Elim Bible Institute and College Whitefield Theological Seminary (BA) Empire State University (BA) Norwich University (MA) |
Occupation | Author |
Known for | Anti-abortion activist (Operation Rescue) |
Political party | Republican (before 2011) Democratic (2011–2012) Independent (2012–2024) Constitution (2024–present) |
Other political affiliations | Right to Life (1998) |
Spouses | Cindy Dean (div. 2001)
|
Children | 7 |
Randall Allen Terry (born April 25, 1959)[1] is an American politician and activist. Terry founded the anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue. Beginning in 1987, the group became particularly prominent for blockading the entrances to abortion clinics; Terry led the group until 1991. He has been arrested more than 40 times,[2] including for violating a no-trespass order from the University of Notre Dame in order to protest against a visit by President Barack Obama.[3]
In 2003, Terry founded the Society for Truth and Justice and conducted a program which he called Operation Witness. In 1998, he ran for Congress in Upstate New York, and in 2006, he ran for a seat in the Florida Senate, both times, he lost in the Republican primary.
Terry ran in the 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries. He is the Constitution Party nominee for president of the United States in the 2024 presidential election.
Career as an activist
[edit]In 1986, Terry was arrested for the first time for chaining himself to a sink at an abortion clinic. Terry was frequently in the news because of his activities as the leader of Operation Rescue.
Terry was named as a co-defendant in the 1994 Supreme Court case, NOW v. Scheidler, a class-action suit to compel anti-abortion leaders to compensate clinics for loss of business. Terry settled out of court with the National Organization for Women. Rather than pay the settlement, Terry promptly filed for bankruptcy, prompting Senator Charles Schumer to propose an amendment to a bankruptcy bill in Congress which would "specifically ... prevent abortion opponents from using the bankruptcy code to avoid paying court fines." The amendment was not included in the final bill. In 1998, NOW obtained more than 25,000 "frequent flyer miles" which were held by Terry in order to help satisfy a legal judgment.[4]
In 1990, Terry helped to organize protests outside the hospital where Nancy Cruzan was a patient, around the time when her feeding tube was removed. The group Missouri Citizens for Life was also involved in the protests, along with the Rev. Patrick Mahoney, a former Operation Rescue staffer. He was also involved in protests which were related to the Terri Schiavo case. In 1994, Terry was a named defendant in Madsen v. Women's Health Center Inc. which ultimately made it all the way to the US Supreme Court. The Justices sided with Aware Woman Clinic and upheld a Buffer Zone. In 1998, Randall Terry ran for the United States House of Representatives in Upstate New York. Terry competed with radio station owner William "Bud" Walker for the Republican nomination to face Democratic incumbent Maurice Hinchey. Terry received the endorsement of Focus on the Family head James Dobson; however, national and state Republicans were not supportive of Terry's candidacy.[5] Terry was defeated by Walker 53% to 35%, but he was the Right to Life Party's nominee in the general election.[6] Terry came in third place, winning 7% of the vote, with Hinchey and Walker winning 62% and 31% respectively.[7] In 2000, Terry and his son Jamiel promoted the candidacy of Steve Forbes in the Republican presidential primary.[8] In June 2005, Terry announced plans to run in the primary against Florida Republican state senator James E. King, citing King's attempt to block legislation which would have kept Terri Schiavo alive. In August 2006, in an attempt to undermine King's support in a Republican primary the next month, Terry publicized an endorsement of King by "Bill Clinton" — actually, robo-calls by a professional impersonator of former president Bill Clinton. The two "Clinton" scripts each contained a disclaimer. One was, "Hello friend, Bill Clinton here – not really!" The other was "This is a celebrity impersonation." Terry used the scripts and the impersonator in 43,000 calls. The "no amnesty" line was a reference to immigration reform proposals which were an issue in many campaigns in 2006. On September 5, 2006, Terry was defeated in the primary, with King receiving over two-thirds of the votes which were cast.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Randall_Terry_at_Equality_March.jpg/220px-Randall_Terry_at_Equality_March.jpg)
On March 20, 2009, the White House announced that President Barack Obama was going to speak at the May 17 Commencement of the University of Notre Dame. Terry declared that Notre Dame, which is one of the foremost Catholic universities in the nation, should not have allowed Obama to speak. Terry objected to Obama's speech because Obama supports abortion rights. In an article which was published in the university's newspaper, The Observer, Terry was quoted as stating that he planned to turn the commencement into "a circus." On the Notre Dame campus on May 1, 2009, Terry was arrested for violating a no-trespassing order. He posted a bond of $250 at the St. Joseph County Jail, was released that same day, and was assigned a court date later that month.[3][9] In a statement which he released to a Christian news service, Terry claimed that Notre Dame's invitation to Obama was a betrayal of Catholic teaching, comparing it to Judas' betrayal of Jesus Christ.[10]
When Kansas obstetrician George Tiller was murdered while he was serving as an usher in his Wichita church on the morning of May 31, 2009, Terry immediately issued a statement in which he denounced Tiller.[11][12] On the same day, June 1, Terry released a video in which he called president Barack Obama and pro-choice politicians "child killers", and he also stated that Tiller was a "mass murderer" who "reaped what he sowed." He voiced regret that Tiller wasn't able to "get things right with his maker" and he also stated that it was unfortunate that Tiller didn't get a "trial of a jury of his peers and to have a proper execution."[13] Terry's comments provoked a backlash. In an editorial, the Albany Times-Union, accused Terry of undermining the credibility of the "generally peaceful" anti-abortion movement.[14]
In 2013, Terry appeared on an episode of MTV's True Life and during his appearance on the show, he advocated the criminalization of all forms of birth control. During the course of the episode he stated, "Do we want to make the pill illegal? Yes. Do we want to make the IUD illegal? Yes. The morning after pill? Yes. The patch? Yes. Anything that's a human pesticide, they all have to be made illegal. A woman has to go to jail if she kills her baby."[15]
Terry produces and hosts a television program titled Randall Terry: The Voice of Resistance, which airs on The Walk TV[16] and can be seen on his website "Voice of Resistance".[17]
2012 presidential candidacy
[edit]Randall Terry for President Campaign Committee | |
---|---|
Campaign | 2012 United States presidential election |
Candidate | Randall Terry |
Affiliation | Democratic Party |
Headquarters | 101 Cantwell Court PO Box 408, Purgitsville, WV 26852[18] |
Key people | Mario G. Paveglio treasurer[18] |
Receipts | US$28,043 (September 5, 2014[18]) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vermin_Supreme_glitterbombs_Randall_Terry.jpg/220px-Vermin_Supreme_glitterbombs_Randall_Terry.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Second-place_candidates_in_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2012.svg/220px-Second-place_candidates_in_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2012.svg.png)
Legend:
In January 2011, Terry announced his intention to challenge President Barack Obama in the Democratic Party primaries for the presidential election of 2012.[19][20] His campaign strategy was based upon a commercial during Super Bowl XLVI featuring graphic photographs of aborted fetuses;[19] historically, the networks have refused all political and issue-related advertising during the Super Bowl, citing equal-time rules, and the advertisement did not air.[21]
The attempt to air the ads led to legal action[22] and a statement by the Democratic National Committee that Terry was not a legitimate candidate,[23] and thus should be forbidden privileges given others running.
In December 2011, he became the physical target of candidate Vermin Supreme, who sprinkled glitter over his head during a debate, claiming he was turning Randall homosexual.[24]
Terry received 18% of the vote in the 2012 Democratic Oklahoma presidential primary. He also won 12 counties in the state, including the entire panhandle, and was awarded two delegates in the Democratic primary.[25] Kansas TV station KDGL-LD[26] channel 23, is an Independent TV station serving Southwest Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle. It and its sister stations carry Randall's Walk TV program, broadcasting the length of the Panhandle. It was the only primary in which Terry won any counties or delegates. He had also appeared on the ballots in Alaska, Missouri, and New Hampshire. He received 22,858 votes or 0.3% in the Democratic primary.
Campaign finances
[edit]Detailed below are the FEC-filed finances of Randall Terry for President Campaign Committee as of September 5, 2014[18]
Financial Source | Amount (USD) |
---|---|
Federal Funds | 0 |
Itemized Individual Contributions | 10,012 |
Unitemized Individual Contributions | 13,006 |
Party Committees Contributions | 0 |
Other Committees Contributions | 0 |
Total Contributions | 23,018 |
Transfers from Authorized Committees | 0 |
Candidate Loans | 0 |
Other Loans | 0 |
Total Loans | 0 |
Offsets to Operating Expenditures | 5,025 |
Fundraising Offsets | 0 |
Legal and Accounting Offsets | 0 |
Total Offsets | 5,025 |
Other Receipts | 0 |
Total Receipts | 28,043 |
Disbursements | Amount (USD) |
---|---|
Operating Expenditures | 30,274 |
Transfers To Authorized Committees | 0 |
Fundraising | 0 |
Exempt Legal and Accounting | 5,500 |
Candidate Loan Repayments | 0 |
Other Loan Repayments | 0 |
Individual Contribution Refunds | 0 |
Political Party Contribution Refunds | 0 |
Other Committee Contribution Refunds | 0 |
Other Disbursements | 0 |
Total Disbursements | 35,774 |
Category | Amount (USD) |
---|---|
Beginning Cash On Hand | 7,731 |
Current Cash On Hand | 2,802 |
Net Contributions | 401,939 |
Net Operating Expenditures | 379,678 |
Debts/Loans Owed By Campaign | 0 |
Debts/Loans Owed To Campaign | 0 |
2012 congressional candidacy
[edit]Although he lives in West Virginia, Terry paid his filing fee and ran as an independent candidate for Congress in Florida's 20th District. Incumbent Democrat Alcee Hastings won that election with 88% of the vote on November 6, 2012.[27]
2024 presidential candidacy
[edit]On March 29, 2024, Randall Terry, an anti-abortion activist and founder of Operation Rescue declared his candidacy in the 2024 United States presidential election.[28]
Randall Terry 2024 presidential campaign | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Campaign | 2024 Constitution Party presidential primaries 2024 United States presidential election |
Candidate | Randall Terry Stephen Broden |
Affiliation | Constitution Party (United States) |
Status | Announced: March 29, 2024 Official nominee: April 27, 2024 |
Website | |
https://www.terry2024.com/ |
Nomination
[edit]He was nominated by the Constitution Party for president on April 27, 2024.[29] He stated he wouldn't accept nomination if Stephen Broden wasn't nominated for vice president.[30]
He was nominated by the Constitution Party of Oregon on May 28, 2024.[31]
Endorsements
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chase_Oliver%2C_Jill_Stein_%26_Randall_Terry_%2853866448015%29.jpg/220px-Chase_Oliver%2C_Jill_Stein_%26_Randall_Terry_%2853866448015%29.jpg)
Personal life
[edit]Terry has been married twice, and he has fathered children during both of his marriages. With his first wife Cindy, he had a daughter and then he fostered two additional daughters and a son. He adopted the two youngest foster children. He has four sons with his second wife, Andrea.[33]
The son of public school teachers, Terry was raised in Rochester, New York. After dropping out of high school, hitch-hiking around the United States, and returning home to work in various jobs, he attended Elim Bible Institute, graduating in 1981.[33] He later earned degrees from Empire State College and Norwich University.[34] In the early 1980s, Terry married Cindy Dean, a woman who he had met in Bible school.[8][35] In 1985, he met a woman who had borne her second child in prison and was planning to have an abortion rather than have a third child. Terry persuaded her to continue with the pregnancy and a daughter named Tila was born later that year. In 1987, Cindy and Randall Terry had a daughter together, whom they named Faith.[35] In March 1988, they took in Tila, then aged three, and her siblings Jamiel, 8, and Ebony, 12, as foster children. All three of them are biracial; their mother was white. Terry formally adopted the two younger children in 1994 and on his résumé, he began to describe his family as: "Children: One by birth and three black foster children," although Ebony had left home at the age of 16 in 1991.[8] Ebony, who was not adopted by Terry, uses the surname Whetstone, but Jamiel and Tila took and retained the surname Terry.[8][35] She converted to Islam, a religion which Terry has preached is composed of "murderers" and "terrorists."[8] In 2004, Terry described his relationship with Ebony as "good."[8] However, Terry banned Tila from his home after she became pregnant outside of marriage twice by the age of 18; her first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.[8][36] In 1998, when Terry was accused of advocating racism while he was running for Congress, his son Jamiel stepped forward to defend him.[8] In 2000, Jamiel worked with his father on Steven Forbes' campaign for the Republican nomination for U.S. president, and he campaigned with his father against gay marriage in Vermont.[8] In 2004, Jamiel publicly announced that he is gay and he also wrote an article for Out Magazine, for which he was paid US$2,500.[8] When he learned that the Out article was going to be published,[8] Terry pre-empted Jamiel by writing an essay, "My Prodigal Son, the Homosexual", in which he writes of pain and disappointment, blames Jamiel's homosexuality and his other troubles on his childhood experiences, and contends that much of the Out Magazine article is false and was written by other people. Jamiel's response was, "My father's first and foremost aim is to protect himself. He talks about how I prostitute the family's name, but he's used the fact that he saved my sister from abortion and rescued me from hardship in his speeches and interviews. What's the difference?"[8]
In 2000, Terry divorced Cindy Dean, his wife of 19 years,[8] and married his former church assistant, Andrea Sue Kollmorgen.[35][36][37] Kollmorgen, born c. 1976, was approximately 25 years old at the time of their nuptials;[38] As a consequence of the divorce, the home on 119 acres (0.48 km2) where he had lived with Cindy and their four children was going to be sold.[37] In 2000, some in the press unfavorably compared his decision to divorce Cindy Dean and marry Kollmorgen to the opinion which he expressed in his 1995 book, The Judgment of God: "Families are destroyed as a father vents his mid-life crisis by abandoning his wife for a 'younger, prettier model.' "[8][39] His sentiments against divorce had been so strong that when his own parents got divorced, "Randall refused to let his children speak with their grandfather for three years," according to interviews which were conducted with the family by the Washington Post.[8] As a result of Terry's divorce from Cindy Dean, the pastor of the Landmark Church of Binghamton, New York, "unceremoniously tossed him out"[8] although Terry had been a member there for 15 years.[40] That church had previously censured him because he had abandoned his wife and the two children while they were still living at home in preparation for divorce, and it also censured him by claiming that he was engaging in a "pattern of repeated and sinful relationships and conversations with both single and married women."[36][40] After the censure and expulsion, Terry joined the Charismatic Episcopal Church, a denomination which was established in 1992.[40] After a period of study which commenced in 2005, Terry formally converted to Roman Catholicism in 2006, taking the confirmation name "David Mark."[41] After his conversion, he disavowed his first marriage and divorce, saying, "There were tragic problems that were inherent to the marriage. According to Catholic doctrine as it has been taught to me, those problems made it an invalid sacrament."[41]
In 2004, the Washington Post reported that Terry and Cindy's daughter was in college.[8] Five years into his second marriage, a 2006 article in the National Catholic Register described his current family as "his three, soon to be four, rambunctious young boys."[41] Terry's second wife, Andrea, is also an anti-abortion activist and in 2008, she was arrested for trespassing while she was leafleting a Roman Catholic cathedral parking lot with campaign fliers for a fictitious candidate who was advocating the enslavement of African-Americans. Randall Terry stated, "The piece was intended to be incendiary and basically a satire," a protest against vehicles in the church parking lot which, he said, carried bumper stickers supporting pro-choice political candidates, particularly Rudy Giuliani.[38]
Terry's son Jamiel was killed in an automobile accident in November 2011. They had reportedly reconciled prior to Jamiel's death.[42]
In 2012, Terry moved his growing family to Romney, West Virginia, to focus on his campaign.[43]
In January 2024, Terry's daughter Tila passed away.
Electoral history
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Maurice D. Hinchey | 99,249 | 57% | |
Independence | Maurice D. Hinchey | 6,321 | 4% | |
Liberal | Maurice D. Hinchey | 2,634 | 2% | |
Total | Maurice D. Hinchey (incumbent) | 108,204 | 62% | |
Republican | William "Bud" Walker | 47,084 | 27% | |
Conservative | William "Bud" Walker | 7,692 | 4% | |
Total | WIlliam "Bud" Walker | 54,776 | 31% | |
Right to Life | Randall Terry | 12,160 | 7% | |
Total votes | 188,835 | 100 | ||
Democratic hold |
Works
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Accessory To Murder: The Enemies, Allies, And Accomplices To The Death of Our Culture (1990) ISBN 0-943497-78-7
- Why Does A Nice Guy Like Me... Keep Getting Thrown In Jail?: How theological escapism and cultural retreatism in the Church have led to America's demise. (1993) ISBN 1-56384-052-9
- The Sword: The Blessing Of Righteous Government And The Overthrow Of Tyrants (1995) ISBN 1-887690-00-X
- A Humble Plea: To Bishops, Clergy, Laymen: Ending the Abortion Holocaust (2008) http://ahumbleplea.com
Discography
[edit]- I Believe in You
- Dark Sunglasses Day
References
[edit]- ^ "Vote Smart | Facts for All".
- ^ "Randall Terry, Operation Rescue founder, moving to St. Augustine?" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine December 5, 2002. St.Augustine Record
- ^ a b Sly, Randy. Randall Terry Arrested at Notre Dame Archived May 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. May 1, 2009, Catholic Online (news).
- ^ "NOW LDEF Gets Randall Terry's Frequent Flier miles". Publiceye.org. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Corn, David. Riding with an Abortion Foe Who Once Targeted Tiller Archived June 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. June 2, 2009. CQ Politics.
- ^ Randall Terry Defeated – Cost $100 per Vote. September 17, 1998, at PublicEye.Org.
- ^ New York House Races (1998) Archived August 16, 2000, at the Wayback Machine. September 15, 1998, National Journal.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Powell, Michael. Family Values: Randall Terry Fights Gay Unions. His Son No Longer Will.. April 22, 2004. Washington Post, p. C-1.
- ^ Randall Terry Bonds Out of Jail, 2009. Available only via paid archive at South Bend Tribune of Indiana. Excerpt available here [1] accessed May 29, 2009.
- ^ Arrested at Notre Dame; Statement by Randall A. Terry Archived June 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. May 5, 2009. Christian Newswire story in Catholic Online (news).
- ^ "Dr. Tiller's Death: Randall Terry Releases Video for Pro-life Leaders Concerning Dr. Tiller's Killing", Christian Newswire, May 31, 2009, Retrieved June 8, 2009
- ^ Barnes, Robert. Abortion Provider Shot Dead In Church, June 1, 2009. Washington Post.
- ^ Randall Terry Video Statement on Tiller Murder Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, June 1, 2009. Crooks and Liars. Accessed June 4, 2009.
- ^ "Murder, in the name of life", Albany Times Union, June 4, 2009
- ^ Marty, Robin (April 26, 2013). "They Are Coming for Your Birth Control: 'Do We Want to Make the Pill Illegal? Yes!'". Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ "Programs". August 15, 2016.
- ^ "Home".
- ^ a b c d "Candidate and Committee Viewer". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ a b Dwyer, Devin (January 18, 2011) "Activist Vows Graphic Anti-Abortion Ads During Super Bowl", ABC News. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- ^ "Pro-Life Activist Randall Terry Looks to Defeat Barack Obama in 2012 Dem Primaries". Sunshine State News. January 18, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Teinowitz, Ira. Fox Won't Sell Super Bowl Ads to Candidates Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. TV Week. January 24, 2008.
- ^ "Randall Terry: Run my ads or else - Radio & Television Business Report". Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ "Dems say Randall Terry not "bona fide" candidate | Midwest Democracy". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ "Vermin Supreme on C-SPAN turning Randall Terry Gay". C-Span. January 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
- ^ Dinan, Stephen (March 7, 2012). "Obama renomination won't be unanimous". The Washington Times. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ "TV Query Results -- Video Division (FCC) USA".
- ^ "Election results". Huffington Post.
- ^ "Three Candidates for the Constitution Party Presidential Nomination to Debate on April 6 |". March 30, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ "Randall Terry Wins Constitution Party's Presidential Nomination |". April 27, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ "Constitution Party Vice-Presidential Nominee is Stephen E. Broden |". April 27, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ Evans, Jordan (May 28, 2024). "Constitution Party of Oregon Nominates Candidates, Names Randall Terry as Presidential Nominee". Independent Political Report. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ "Republican Endorsement of Constitution Party Candidates Brings Abortion Center Stage in 2024". thenewamerican.com. June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ a b Labash, Michael. Randall Shoots an Ad, October 22, 2012. "The Weekly Standard.
- ^ Gibson, William E. (September 25, 2012). "Congressional race targets Obama, national themes". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Randall Terry, National Names Database. Accessed May 29, 2009.
- ^ a b c Hinojosa, Maria. Live From... with Miles O'Brien, April 15, 2004. CNN transcript.
- ^ a b Barry, Dan. Icon for abortion protesters is looking for a second act. July 20, 2001. New York Times.
- ^ a b Sly, Randy. Pro-Life Workers Arrested at St. Petersburg, FL Cathedral Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, January 26, 2008. Catholic Online (news).
- ^ Terry, Randall. The Judgment of God. (1995). ISBN unavailable.
- ^ a b c Religious Right Leader Randall Terry Censured Archived May 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, April 2004. Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
- ^ a b c Drake, Tim. Pro-life activist Randall Terry converts to Catholicism, still slaying dragons Archived February 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. May 17, 2006. National Catholic Register.
- ^ Gay Son of Antichoice Activist Dead in Car Crash Archived December 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Liz Kendall and Katie Hodges. "Randall Terry: Shifting Parties for a Purpose". Saint Michael's College Media and American Politics class. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- 2024 Presidential campaign website
- Voice of Resistance
- 2012 Presidential campaign website
- Radio show
- Randall Terry at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- 1959 births
- Living people
- 21st-century American politicians
- Activists from New York City
- Activists from Rochester, New York
- American anti-abortion activists
- American Pentecostals
- Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election
- Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election
- Catholics from West Virginia
- Converts to Roman Catholicism
- Empire State University alumni
- New York (state) Republicans
- New York State Right to Life Party politicians
- Norwich University alumni
- People from Romney, West Virginia
- Politicians from Rochester, New York
- Roman Catholic activists
- West Virginia Democrats
- West Virginia Independents
- West Virginia Republicans
- American male non-fiction writers
- Conservative television in the United States