University of Michigan Law School
University of Michigan Law School | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Parent school | University of Michigan |
Established | 1859 |
School type | Public law school |
Endowment | $500 million (2019)[1] |
Parent endowment | $17.9 billion[2] |
Dean | Kyle D. Logue (interim) |
Location | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
Enrollment | 976 |
Faculty | 183 |
USNWR ranking | 9th (tie) (2024)[3] |
Bar pass rate | 97.27%[4] |
Website | michigan.law.umich.edu |
ABA profile | Standard 509 Report |
The University of Michigan Law School (or Michigan Law) is the law school of the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1859, the school offers Master of Laws (LLM), Master of Comparative Law (MCL), Juris Doctor (JD), and Doctor of the Science of Law (SJD) degree programs.[5][6]
Notable alumni include U.S. Supreme Court Justices Frank Murphy, William Rufus Day, and George Sutherland, as well as a number of heads of state and corporate executives. Approximately 98% of Class of 2022 graduates were employed within ten months of graduation; its first time bar passage rate in 2023 was 95.45% and the passage rate for all graduates within two years was 99.20%.[7]
The school enrolls about 976 students and employs about 107 full-time faculty members and 76 non-full time faculty members.[8]
History
[edit]This section needs expansion with: details about the first 150 years of the school's history, particularly its founding. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) |
The law school was founded in 1859. By 1870, it was the largest law school in the country.
In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan Law as the second African American to graduate from law school in the United States. In 1871 Sarah Killgore, a Michigan Law graduate, became the first woman to both graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar.[9]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Henry_Moore_Bates_law_school_ca_1900.jpg/170px-Henry_Moore_Bates_law_school_ca_1900.jpg)
Although the law school is part of the public University of Michigan, less than 2% of the law school's expenses are covered by state funds.[10] The remainder (97–98% of Michigan Law's budget) is supplied by private gifts, tuition, and endowments.
In 2009, Michigan Law began a $102 million enterprise to construct a new law building that would remain loyal to the English Gothic style. The enterprise was fully funded by endowments and private gifts.[11] 2009 also marked the school's sesquicentennial celebration. As a part of the festivities, Chief Justice John Roberts visited the school and participated in the groundbreaking ceremony for the new building. The building was dedicated in 2012 and called South Hall.[12] In December 2018, South Hall was renamed Jeffries Hall, after a record $33 million donation from real estate developer Christopher M. Jeffries.[13]
Campus
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg/220px-Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aerial_view_of_Law_Quad.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Law_Quad.jpg)
Built between 1924 and 1933 by the architectural firm York and Sawyer with funds donated by attorney and alumnus William W. Cook, the Cook Law Quadrangle comprises four buildings:
- Hutchins Hall, the main academic building, named for former Dean of the Law School and President of the University, Harry Burns Hutchins
- The Legal Research Building
- John P. Cook Dormitory
- The Lawyer's Club, providing additional dormitory rooms and a meeting space for the residents of the Quad, is highlighted by a Great Lounge, and a dining room with a high-vaulted ceiling, an oak floor, and dark oak paneling.[14]
In 2012, extensive renovations of the Lawyers Club were undertaken thanks in part to a $20 million gift from Berkshire Hathaway vice-chairman Charles T. Munger, and was re-opened on August 19, 2013 for the 2013 school year.[15]
Admissions and rankings
[edit]Michigan Law was ranked third in the initial U.S. News & World Report law school rankings in 1987. Michigan Law is also one of the "T14" law schools, schools that have at some point been in the top 14 since U.S. News began publishing rankings. In the 2021 U.S. News ranking, Michigan Law is ranked 9th overall.[16] Michigan Law ranked 15th among U.S. law schools, tied with the Georgetown University Law Center, for the number of times its tenured faculty's published scholarship was highly cited in legal journals during the period 2010 through 2014.[17]
Admission to Michigan Law is highly selective. For the class entering in the fall of 2021, 819 applicants were accepted out of a total of 7,693, an acceptance rate of 10.65%.[18] Out of those 819 accepted applicants, 313 students enrolled.[19] The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2021 entering class were 166 and 172, respectively, with a median of 171.[20] The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.61 and 3.93, respectively, with a median of 3.84.[20]
Publications
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Law_library_at_University_of_Michigan.jpg/220px-Law_library_at_University_of_Michigan.jpg)
Michigan Law School students publish several law journals[21] in addition to the Michigan Law Review, the sixth oldest legal journal in the U.S.[22] These include:
- University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform[21][23]
- Michigan Journal of International Law[21][24]
- Michigan Journal of Gender and Law[21][25]
- Michigan Journal of Race & Law[21][26]
- Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review[21][27]
- Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law[21][28]
- Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, formerly the Michigan Journal Private Equity and Venture Capital Law[21][29]
Journal membership is obtained through participation in writing competitions.[21]
Moot court competitions
[edit]Students may compete in intramural moot court competitions,[30] the oldest of which is the Henry M. Campbell Moot Court Competition, established in 1926 and first held in the 1927–1928 academic year.[31] Other moot court competitions include the Child Welfare Law Moot Court Competition, Criminal Law Moot Court Competition, the Entertainment Media and Arts Moot Court Competition, the Environmental Law Moot Court Competition, the Intellectual Property Moot Court Competition, the Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, the Vis International Arbitration Moot Court, the Native American Law Students Association Competition, the Manfred Lachs Moot Court, Michigan Law Corporate Counseling Competition, and the 1L Oral Advocacy Competition.[30]
Clinical programs
[edit]Michigan Law's clinical program allows students to provide direct representation to clients under the supervision of full-time faculty. There are 18 clinical programs, including the Child Advocacy Law Clinic, the Entrepreneurship Clinic, the Environmental Law Clinic, the Federal Appellate Litigation Clinic, the International Transactions Clinic, the Michigan Innocence Clinic, the Transactional Lab, and the Unemployment Insurance Clinic.[32]
Student organizations
[edit]Michigan Law offers a wide array of student organizations centered around various interest areas, including politics, pro bono work, community service, race, gender, religion, and hobbies.[21] Student organizations organize various annual events, from student pageants such as Mr. Wolverine to the Michigan Law Culture Show.[33]
Externships and internships
[edit]Michigan's externship program is designed to provide students with real-world legal experience and advanced research opportunities beyond what is separately available in either a classroom or a clinic. Externships are available in places such as Switzerland, South Africa, and India.[34]
Student Funded Fellowships
[edit]Student Funded Fellowships (SFF) is a program designed to fund Michigan Law students who accept public interest summer job, particularly to help 1Ls finance the living costs associated with their summer jobs. SFF is governed by a board of law students and operates independently of the law school. Board members head fundraising efforts throughout the year, ranging from Donate a Day's Pay (DADP), in which highly paid law firm summer associates donate a day's salary to SFF, to a grand auction in the spring that invites bids on various donated items, including sports tickets, art, meals, and activities with faculty members. Around the time of the auction, board members review applications for summer funding and select a limited number of qualified students for grants. As of 2022, SFF awarded these select applicants $6,500. Students not otherwise selected for the grant, or students who do not plan to pursue public interest after law school but nonetheless need income for their summer positions, are entitled to a $5,000 loan for their summer expenses. This loan is facilitated by the law school. The loan is repaid on a sliding scale depending on how much money these students make during their 1L and 2L summers. As of 2022, if a student does not make more than $18,000 across their two summers, the loan is completely forgiven.[citation needed]
Employment and cost of attendance
[edit]According to Michigan's ABA-required employment disclosures, 98% of the graduates of the Class of 2021 were employed or seeking an advanced degree. This includes the 94.2% of the class who had obtained jobs requiring a J.D.[35] Of the Class of 2021, 55% were employed by firms of greater than 100 attorneys[36] and 18% obtained clerkships.[36] Michigan's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 5.8%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2021 who are unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.[37] The majority of Michigan Law grads work in New York, Illinois, Michigan, California, and Washington, D.C.[38]
Tuition at Michigan for the 2020–2021 academic year is $63,680 for residents of the state of Michigan and $66,680 for non-residents. The estimated cost of living for a Michigan student is $21,900. Assuming no tuition increases, a typical three-year course of study at Michigan therefore costs $256,740 (or $85,580 per year) for residents and $265,740 (or $88,580 per year) for non-residents.[39]
Notable faculty
[edit]Current
[edit]- Theodore J. St. Antoine, Dean Emeritus – legal philosopher and labor law scholar
- Reuven Avi-Yonah - tax law scholar
- Samuel Bagenstos – constitutional scholar and expert on disability rights
- Evan Caminker, Dean Emeritus – constitutional law scholar
- Edward H. Cooper – civil procedure scholar
- Steven P. Croley – expert on administrative and regulatory law
- Donald Duquette - Clinical Professor of Law Emeritus
- Phoebe C. Ellsworth – scholar of law and psychology
- Samuel R. Gross – Criminal law expert widely cited for work on exonerations
- Daniel Halberstam – comparative constitutional law, transnational law and European law scholar
- James C. Hathaway – international refugee law expert and scholar of public international law
- John Hudson – English legal historian
- Ellen D. Katz – voting rights and election law scholar
- Thomas E. Kauper – scholar of property law and antitrust
- Vikramaditya Khanna – expert on international commercial law and the laws of India
- James E. Krier – property law scholar
- Jessica Litman – intellectual property scholar
- Kyle D. Logue – insurance, tax and private law scholar
- Catharine MacKinnon – feminist theorist, scholar and activist
- Barbara McQuade – United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan from 2010 to 2017
- John A. E. Pottow – scholar of international commercial law, bankruptcy and consumer finance
- Richard Primus – constitutional theorist
- Margaret Radin – legal philosopher, contract and property theorist
- Margo Schlanger – civil rights scholar and founder of the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse
- Rebecca J. Scott – legal historian
- Bruno Simma – German international law expert; served as a judge on the International Court of Justice from 2003 until 2012
- Mark D. West, Dean and Nippon Life Professor of Law- scholar of international commercial law, criminal law and Japanese law
- James Boyd White – founder of the "Law and Literature" movement
- James J. White – Commercial law expert
- Christina B. Whitman – Francis A. Allen Collegiate Professor of Law
Former
[edit]- Nathan Abbott – former dean of Stanford Law School and property law scholar
- T. Alexander Aleinikoff – international law scholar and former dean at Georgetown University Law Center
- Omri Ben-Shahar – law professor
- Lee Bollinger – Former president of Columbia University, former President of the University of Michigan
- Henry Billings Brown – Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Thomas M. Cooley – Legal scholar and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
- Harry T. Edwards – Senior Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- Heidi Li Feldman – law professor
- Herbert Funk Goodrich – Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School
- Harry Hutchins – fourth President of the University of Michigan
- Charles Wycliffe Joiner – Judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
- Yale Kamisar, Professor Emeritus – criminal law and procedure expert (known as the "father of Miranda" for his influential role in the landmark U.S Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966).[40])
- Douglas Laycock – constitutional law scholar
- Debra Ann Livingston – Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
- Wade H. McCree – first African American appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
- John W. Reed – civil procedure expert
- Henry Wade Rogers – former Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
- Lawrence G. Sager – Constitutional theorist and former dean at the University of Texas Law School
- Joseph Sax – environmental law scholar known for developing the public trust doctrine
- Joel Seligman – President of the University of Rochester
- A. W. B. Simpson – British legal historian
- Scott J. Shapiro – legal philosopher
- David S. Tatel – judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- Elizabeth Warren – bankruptcy expert and senior United States senator from Massachusetts
- Joseph H. H. Weiler – European law expert
Notable alumni
[edit]- John Robert Brown, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, one of the Fifth Circuit Four
- Michael T. Cahill, Dean of Brooklyn Law School
- Roger Carter (LL.M., 1968), Dean of University of Saskatchewan College of Law; recipient of Order of Canada.[41]
- William W. Cook (J.D. 1882), heavily published and cited author of textbooks on corporate law; donor of the quadrangle to Michigan
- Ann Coulter (J.D. 1988) Conservative author and commentator.
- Jordan Harbinger (J.D. 2006) Broadcaster and talk show host.
- George Crockett Jr. (LL.B. 1934) Civil Rights activist; helped found the National Lawyers Guild. First African American lawyer hired by the Department of Labor. Recorder's Court Judge, Detroit, Michigan, 1966–74; U.S. House of Representatives (D-Mich.), 1980 – 1991.[42]
- Clarence Darrow (attended), famous trial lawyer; defense counsel in the Scopes Monkey Trial and Leopold and Loeb
- William R. Day (LL.B. 1870), United States Secretary of State, 1898; United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, 1903–1922
- John Feikens (J.D.) was a politician and judge from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was the Senior Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1986–present). Feikens had the unusual honor of being nominated to the same district court by three presidents.[43]
- Harold Ford Jr. (J.D. 1996) – former U.S. Representative from Tennessee; Democratic Leadership Council chair[44]
- Richard Gephardt (J.D. 1965) – U.S. Representative from Missouri (1977–2005). Served as House Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995, and as Minority Leader from 1995 to 2003.[45]
- Ronald M. Gould (J.D. 1973), Judge, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit[46]
- James P. Hoffa (LL.B. 1966) – President, International Brotherhood of Teamsters
- Sada Jacobson (J.D. 2011), Olympic fencing silver and bronze medalist
- Valerie Jarrett, (J.D. 1981), Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama
- Amalya Lyle Kearse (J.D. 1962) – Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit[47]
- Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy (J.D. 1947) – Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit[48]
- Raymond Kethledge (J.D. 1993) – United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
- Frank Murphy (LL.B. 1914), United States Attorney General, 1939, and United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, 1940–1949[49]
- Rob Portman (J.D. 1984), United States senator from Ohio;[50] former Director of the Office of Management and Budget
- Branch Rickey (LL.B. 1911), Major League Baseball executive and Hall of Famer; created the modern minor league system and signed Jackie Robinson to a contract, breaking the sport's 20th-century color line
- Richard Riordan (J.D. 1956), Mayor of Los Angeles, 1993–2001
- Ken Salazar (J.D. 1981), former U.S. Senator from Colorado and United States Secretary of the Interior, 2009 to 2013.[51]
- Rick Snyder (J.D. 1982) Former CEO of Gateway; former Governor of Michigan[52]
- George Sutherland (attended 1891), United States Supreme Court Justice[53]
- John D. Voelker (J.D. 1928) justice of the Michigan Supreme Court; author of Anatomy of a Murder.
- Moses Fleetwood Walker (attended 1881–1882) – Baseball player and author; first African-American to play major league professional baseball
- Sarah Killgore Wertman (LAW: LLB 1871), née Sarah Killgore, the first woman to be admitted to the Bar of any state in the United States of America.
- Sam Zell (J.D. 1966) – Real estate development tycoon; founder of EQ Office; former National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts chairman and current chairman and majority owner of the Tribune Company; billionaire
See also
[edit]- List of University of Michigan law and government alumni
- List of University of Michigan legislator alumni
- List of University of Michigan alumni
Notes
[edit]- ^ University of Michigan: Diversity Research & Resources, Proposal 2 Information. Link to UM website
- ^ Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action v. Granholm, No. 2:06-cv-15024 (E.D. Mi.) (Lawson); Nos. 06–2640, 06–2642 (6th Cir. 2007).
- ^ January 10, 2007 statement by Dean Evan Caminker.[54]
References
[edit]- ^ Leiter, Brain (May 3, 2022). "Per student value of law school endowments21.html". Retrieved December 4, 2023.
- ^ "Endowment generated 5.2% return in FY '23". University of Michigan. October 19, 2023. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ "University of Michigan—Ann Arbor". Best Law Schools. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ "These US law schools had the highest bar pass rates in 2023" (web). American Bar Association. March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ "Michigan Law History | University of Michigan Law School". michigan.law.umich.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
- ^ "Abbreviations – Brand & Visual Identity". Retrieved December 4, 2022.
- ^ "University of Michigan Bar Passage Report" (PDF). American Bar Association. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
- ^ "University of Michigan 509 Report" (PDF). University of Michigan Law School. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
- ^ "Michigan's First Woman Lawyer" (PDF). University of Michigan Law School. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "Nannes Third-Year Challenge: Frequently Asked Questions". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ "A New Legal Landscape". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "South Hall Dedication". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ^ "Jeffries' $33M gift dedicated to student support at Law School". University of Michigan Record. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ^ "Michigan Law School – History and Traditions". Law.umich.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
- ^ "University of Michigan Law School-Image Gallery". Law.umich.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
- ^ "Best Law School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report 2021. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ^ "Brian Leiter's Law School Reports". Leiterlawschool.typepad.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
- ^ "Standard 509 Information Report" (PDF). michigan.law.umich.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
- ^ "2024 Class Profile". law.umich.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ a b "University of Michigan Law – Admissions FAQ". law.umich.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j University of Michigan Law School. "Journals and Student Organizations". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ Michigan Law Review. "History". University of Michigan Law Review. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. Archived from the original on February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Journal of International Law". Michigan Journal of International Law. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Journal of Gender and Law". Michigan Journal of Gender and Law. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Journal of Race & Law". Michigan Journal of Race & Law. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review". Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law". Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review". University of Michigan Law School. 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ a b "Moot Courts & Competitions". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Origin of the Henry M. Cambell Moot Court Competition". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Clinical Programs". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
- ^ "Michigan Law Culture Show". University of Michigan Law School. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "Externships". University of Michigan Law School. Archived from the original on February 28, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ "The University of Michigan Law School Class of 2021 Summary Report" (PDF). michigan.law.umich.edu. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ a b "Comprehensive Employment Statistics". law.umich.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
- ^ "University of Michigan". lstscorereports.com. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
- ^ "Comprehensive Employment Statistics". University of Michigan Law School. 2020. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ^ "Law School Tuition Rates 2020–2021" Archived October 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Accessed December 6, 2020.
- ^ Evan Acker, "Father of Miranda" Yale Kamisar Retires Archived September 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Apr. 27, 2011). Motions Online.
- ^ Uncredited, Profile of Roger Carter Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine; Robertson Stromberg. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "George W. Crockett, Jr". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Feikens, John". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ "Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Richard Gephardt". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Gould, Ronald Murray". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judiciary Center. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
- ^ "Kearse, Amalya Lyle". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy". Michigan Lawyers in History. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Murphy, Frank". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Rob Portman". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Salazar, Kenneth Lee, (1955 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Rick Snyder". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ "Sutherland, George, (1862–1942)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ [1] Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)