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Interstate 91

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Interstate 91 marker
Interstate 91
Map
I-91 highlighted in red
Route information
Length290.37 mi[1] (467.31 km)
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
South end I-95 / SR 724 in New Haven, CT
Major intersections
North end A-55 at the Canadian border
Location
CountryUnited States
StatesConnecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont
CountiesCT: New Haven, Middlesex, Hartford
MA: Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin
VT: Windham, Windsor, Orange, Caledonia, Orleans
Highway system
  • Connecticut State Highway System
← Route 89CT→ Route 94
← I-90MA→ I-93
← I-89VT→ I-93

Interstate 91 (I-91) is an Interstate Highway in the New England region of the United States. It is the primary north–south thoroughfare in the western part of the region. Its southern terminus is in New Haven, Connecticut,[2] at I-95, while the northern terminus is in Derby Line, Vermont, at the Canada–United States border. Past the Derby Line–Rock Island Border Crossing, the road continues into Canada as Quebec Autoroute 55. I-91 is the longest of three Interstate highways whose entire route is located within the New England states (the other two highways being I-89 and I-93) and is also the only primary (two-digit) Interstate Highway in New England to intersect all five of the other highways that run through the region. The largest cities along its route, from south to north, are New Haven, Connecticut; Hartford, Connecticut; Springfield, Massachusetts; Northampton, Massachusetts; Greenfield, Massachusetts; Brattleboro, Vermont; White River Junction, Vermont; St. Johnsbury, Vermont; and Newport, Vermont.

Route description

[edit]
Lengths
  mi[1] km
CT 58.00 93.34
MA 54.99 88.50
VT 177.38 285.47
Total 290.33 467.24

I-91 is 290 miles (470 km) long and travels north and south: 58 miles (93 km) in Connecticut, 55 miles (89 km) in Massachusetts, and 177 miles (285 km) in Vermont. I-91 parallels US Route 5 (US 5) for all of its length, and many of the exits along I-91 provide direct or indirect access to the older route. Much of the route of I-91 follows the Connecticut River, traveling from Hartford, Connecticut, northward to St. Johnsbury, Vermont.[3][4][5]

I-91 in Hartford.
I-91 in Hartford, Connecticut

Connecticut

[edit]

I-91 is the major north–south transportation corridor for the center of the state. It is the main route between the larger cities of New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, Massachusetts. As such, it is almost always heavily trafficked (especially during rush hour) and maintains at least three lanes in each direction through Connecticut except for a short portion in Hartford at the interchange with I-84, and another in Meriden at the interchange with Route 15. The three cities also serve as Connecticut's control points along its length of the Interstate.[6][7]

I-91 begins just east of Downtown New Haven at an interchange with I-95 (Connecticut Turnpike). At the bottom of the ramp for exit 5, US 5 begins at the first of its many interchanges with the freeway.[8] Leaving New Haven, I-91 follows a northeastward trek into North Haven, where it meets the southern end of the Route 40 expressway.[9] It travels through the eastern part of Wallingford before entering the eastern part of the city of Meriden. In Meriden, about halfway between Hartford and New Haven, I-91 sees a complex set of interchanges with the Wilbur Cross Parkway (Route 15), the Route 66 expressway, and its first spur route, I-691.[8] I-691 provides a westward link to I-84 and the city of Waterbury.[8] Leaving Meriden, I-91 enters Middlesex County as it briefly travels through the western part of Middletown before entering Cromwell, where it has an interchange with the Route 9 expressway.[10][11]

It then enters Hartford County in the town of Rocky Hill and then enters Wethersfield, meeting the Route 3 expressway, which leads to Glastonbury and the Route 2 expressway via the William H. Putnam Memorial Bridge over the Connecticut River. From there to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, I-91 parallels the river, never more than five miles (8.0 km) from its west bank.[12] I-91 then enters the Hartford city limits; in that city, it has a set of interchanges with US 5/Route 15 (Wilbur Cross Highway), which provides access from I-91 north to I-84 east, and from I-84 west to I-91 south via the Charter Oak Bridge.[13] I-91 then has an interchange with I-84, where all other transitions to and from I-84 take place. Before leaving the city limits, a high-occupancy vehicle lane begins that has its own set of interchanges up to exit 38.[14]

I-91 then enters Windsor and meets the western end of its other Connecticut spur route, I-291. At the Windsor–Windsor Locks town line, it meets the eastern terminus of the Route 20 expressway, which provides direct access to Bradley International Airport.[7] A couple of miles further north, I-91 crosses the Connecticut River on the Dexter Coffin Bridge into East Windsor. After traveling through East Windsor and Enfield, it crosses the state line, at milepost 58, into Longmeadow, Massachusetts.[8]

Massachusetts

[edit]

I-91 extends 55 miles (89 km) through the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts paralleling the Connecticut River.[15] I-91 serves as the major transportation corridor through three Massachusetts counties, linking the cities of Springfield, Northampton, and Greenfield.[15] These three cities serve as the control cities listed on guide and mileage signs, along with Brattleboro, Vermont, beginning with the first northbound conventional mileage sign (63 miles [101 km]) in Longmeadow.[16]

In Springfield, I-91 has an interchange with I-291 at exit 6 (old exit 8), a 5.44-mile-long (8.75 km) spur going eastbound to connect with the Massachusetts Turnpike, for travelers going either east toward Boston or west toward Albany, New York.[17][18] North of Springfield, I-91 briefly enters Chicopee, there is an interchange with its spur, I-391, at exit 9 (old exit 12) before turning westward to cross the Connecticut River into West Springfield. I-391 provides direct access to Holyoke, while I-91 continues on the western side of the river.[11]

Just after the river crossing, exit 11 (old exit 14) is a major interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). Then, I-91 enters the city of Holyoke where exit 12 (old exit 15) is located. Just after an interchange with US 202, (exit 16) I-91 goes from three lanes to two lanes in each direction to the Vermont state line.[11] After a short exit-less stretch, I-91 enters Northampton, passing the Northampton Airport and an oxbow lake. The towns of Hadley and Amherst, home to the main campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, are accessible from I-91 exits in Northampton via Route 9.[11]

Continuing north, I-91 enters Hatfield, where it begins a straight section—nearly six miles (9.7 km) without a bend in the road. Several exits provide access to US 5 and Route 10 in Hatfield and Whately before entering Deerfield.[19] I-91 has two exits in Greenfield. At exit 43 (old exit 26), the southern end of its overlap with Route 2, there is a rest area and visitor information center for Franklin County.[20] At exit 46 (old exit 27), also in Greenfield, is the northern end of its overlap with Route 2 where access to that road is provided via a directional T interchange and exit and entry ramps on the left side of southbound I-91. Exit 50 (old exit 28) in Bernardston is the last exit in Massachusetts. Beyond exit 50, I-91 continues for about five miles (8.0 km) more before crossing into Vermont.[16]

Massachusetts is the only state traversed by I-91 where another numbered highway is concurrent with the Interstate (in this case, US 5, for a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) spur near the Springfield–Longmeadow town line and Route 2, for approximately three miles (4.8 km) in Greenfield).[21]

Vermont

[edit]

I-91 traverses the entire length of Vermont and serves as a major transportation corridor for eastern Vermont and western New Hampshire. Due to its routing along the Connecticut River separating the two states, many exits along Vermont's length of I-91 feature New Hampshire towns on the guide signs (for example, exit 3, which lists Brattleboro and Keene, New Hampshire, as the points of access). The length of I-91 within Vermont is 177 miles (285 km) and has two lanes in each direction the entire way from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada–United States border (nearly two-thirds of I-91's length) with 29 Vermont interchanges. The highway's rural character and long distances between exits in Vermont are in stark contrast to its south, where exits are more frequent and the road carries four lanes of traffic in each direction at some points. The major control cities in Vermont are Brattleboro, White River Junction, St. Johnsbury, and Newport. When entering northbound I-91 at exit 28 in Derby, the control city sign is for Canada. Of these destinations, only Newport is a city, although the other towns are sizable. In general, the road parallels its predecessor, US 5.[22][23][24]

I-91 enters Vermont in the town of Guilford. Just before exit 1 in Brattleboro is the Vermont Welcome Center in Guilford. The first three Vermont exits (northbound) serve the town of Brattleboro. At exit 1, northbound US 5 provides access to stores and a small industrial area before reaching the south end of the town's center, where a bridge crosses the Connecticut River into Hinsdale, New Hampshire, via New Hampshire Route 119 (NH 119). Exit 2 (Vermont Route 9 [VT 9]) provides access to the western village of the town (West Brattleboro), then continues west to Marlboro, Wilmington, and Bennington. Brattleboro's main retail strip is located at and just south of the exit 3 trumpet interchange and traffic circle. Following VT 9 eastward, one can reach Keene, New Hampshire, in 15 miles (24 km).[25][26]

After exit 3, I-91 heads north to travel through the communities of Dummerston, Putney, Westminster, North Westminster, Bellows Falls, Springfield, Weathersfield, Windsor, Hartland, North Hartland and White River Junction. White River Junction, listed as a control city on mileage signs as far south as Greenfield, Massachusetts, is where I-91 and I-89 meet and provide access to many points in Vermont and New Hampshire, at exit 10.[27]

North of the interchange with I-89, I-91 continues toward St. Johnsbury and travels through Wilder and Norwich. It enters Orange County, passing through Thetford, Fairlee, Bradford, Newbury, and Wells River. It continues into the Caledonia County communities of Ryegate, Barnet and Waterford, before coming to its next major intersection in St. Johnsbury at the northern terminus of I-93, providing access to the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Greater Boston area. Along this stretch of highway between White River Junction and St. Johnsbury, towns in Grafton County, New Hampshire, on the other side of the river can also be easily accessed. Just after exit 19, there are three exits for St. Johnsbury, including a major intersection with US 2. Along westbound US 2, the capital of Vermont, Montpelier, is eventually reached from I-91, although I-89 provides Montpelier with immediate Interstate access.[28][29]

I-91 continues northward, now following the Passumpsic River valley. It travels through Vermont's Northeast Kingdom region and the town of Lyndon. Two exits in Lyndon serve the village of Lyndonville and Lyndon State College. After exit 24, I-91 departs US 5, which it had been closely paralleling since the Massachusetts state line. I-91 follows the valley of Miller Run,[30][a] and there are no convenient services until Barton at exit 25.[31]

The Interstate proceeds through Sheffield. Here, it reaches the highest point on the road, just north of milemarker 150 on Sheffield Heights, elevation 1,856 feet (566 m).[32]

After leaving Sheffield Heights, it enters Orleans County and follows the Barton River valley north with exits in Barton, Orleans, and Derby. Exit 29 is the final US exit on I-91 just after milemarker 177 at Derby Line. Beyond the exit ramp, northbound motorists enter Canada Customs at Stanstead, Quebec, and continue into Canada on Quebec Autoroute 55 through the Eastern Townships.[33][26]

As with Connecticut and Massachusetts, US 5 closely parallels I-91 for their entire lengths in Vermont. While paralleling I-91 in Vermont, US 5 is never concurrent with the freeway but remains its own two-lane road, except for a portion in White River Junction where it is a four-lane divided surface arterial.[34][35]

Traffic and the population of each successive town tend to diminish as the road proceeds northward. The average daily traffic count for 2015 in Vermont were—St. Johnsbury (34,000), Lyndon (17,900), Barton (13,500), and Derby (Canada–United States border) (10,300).[36]

History

[edit]
See also: Romaine Tenney, Vermont farmer whose land was acquired to build Interstate 91

A limited-access highway replacement for US 5 was planned at the federal level starting in 1944. A 1953 Massachusetts plan was funded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, along with spur I-291 (but not I-391). The Vermont section of I-91 was built in stages from 1958 to 1965.[37] In Massachusetts from Bernardston to Northampton, I-91 follows an abandoned right-of-way of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. To support plans for urban renewal along the "low value" waterfront, the highway crossed the Connecticut River to parallel active New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad tracks on the Springfield side of the river, bypassing West Springfield and Agawam, Massachusetts. Later, this path was perceived as cutting off the city from the river, restricting further commercial development. By 1960, a few miles in Massachusetts were completed, starting from the Connecticut and Vermont state lines. Massachusetts construction was completed from 1960s to 1970.[38]

In the 1950s–1970s, there were plans to extend I-91 to Wading River, New York, from its existing terminus in New Haven, Connecticut, via a crossing of the Long Island Sound (see "Unbuilt Long Island extension" below).[39] Vermont completed its last sections of I-91 in 1978.[40]

Starting in the 1990s, several rest areas were downgraded in Vermont, increasing distances between facilities. In 2008, Vermont closed the Springfield–Rockingham rest areas because of suspected use by drug abusers. In 2009, the northbound rest area in Hartford was closed, creating a 90-mile (140 km) gap in on-highway facilities. At the present time, there exist two intermediate rest areas with facilities in each direction, in addition to a welcome center at each end of the state. Several parking areas remain open.[41]

In the early 1990s after the I-284 project was canceled, the exit 44 interchange in East Windsor, Connecticut, was altered as it was designed to be part of the freeway. After alterations, exit 44 connected to US 5 for all traffic to get on and off. As a result, exit 43 was shut down and closed in that same time frame. Exit 43 was a northbound exit/southbound entrance on Route 510/Main Street in East Windsor, which was about 1,050 feet (320 m) away from exit 44.

After the September 11 attacks, a seldom-staffed temporary border patrol checkpoint was installed near White River Junction, Vermont, about 100 miles (160 km) from the Canada–United States border.[42]

In 2005, the Massachusetts Highway Department completed a rebuild of on- and offramps in Springfield to reduce accidents caused by weaving near the tightly spaced exits.[38]

Impact in Springfield

[edit]
I-91 in 1969, just after completion of the viaduct which would separate Springfield from the Connecticut River. St. Joseph's Church and the Campanile can be seen in the foreground, as well as an incomplete Tower Square.

During its construction in the 1960s, I-91 sliced through three Springfield neighborhoods: the North End, Metro Center, and South End, which led to urban decay in the highway's vicinity. Springfield's portion of the Interstate was widely regarded as positive progress when it was built. However, by the 2010s, it would come to be perceived as disrupting the urban fabric of riverfront neighborhoods while effectively disconnecting the Connecticut River, the Connecticut River Walk Park and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame from everything east of the highway—the majority of the city. I-91 was erected without tunnels, footbridges or other paths, a design choice which poses logistical problems for travel between the riverfront and the remainder of the city. This, in turn, poses problems for businesses that would like to set up along the riverfront. The placement of I-91 has left Springfield's riverfront virtually undeveloped, aside from the sliver of land surrounding the Basketball Hall of Fame.[43]

In 2010, the Urban Land Institute made recommendations for how Springfield might reconnect with its riverfront, in order to revitalize the area through urban renewal, suggesting the most cost-effective but also the most development-limiting strategy (constructing pathways beneath I-91). No decision has been reached regarding those recommendations.[44] As of 2011, academic and civic studies are still underway. Preliminary findings indicate that I-91's placement negatively impacts tourism in Springfield's Metro Center—the site of many of Springfield's historic, cultural, and entertainment venues. Springfield's most popular tourist attraction, the riverfront Basketball Hall of Fame, is separated from Metro Center by a 20-foot (6.1 m) stone wall, buttressing an elevated portion of the six-lane I-91 and greatly discouraging travel between the two areas. Academic suggestions that involve the demolition of the current highway and moving it to a less obtrusive site in the city have been proposed, including the demolition of the highway and following the original path suggested, Riverdale Road, and, least obtrusive but still requiring a great deal of work, a plan to construct numerous walkways beneath the elevated highway to better integrate the neighborhoods with the waterfront despite the highway's presence.[45]

Unbuilt Long Island extension

[edit]
Map
A map showing the built segment of I-91 (black) and the unbuilt southern extension to Long Island (red); the never-built extension would have traversed the unbuilt New Haven–Shoreham Bridge and an upgraded William Floyd Parkway.
This map:

Between the 1950s and 1970s, officials proposed extending I-91 across the Long Island Sound from its current terminus at the I-91/I-95 interchange in New Haven, Connecticut, to Wading River, New York, by means of a bridge over the Long Island Sound, as one of the many Long Island Sound Link proposals.[39] The extension would have continued southward from Wading River to the southern shore of Long Island by the existing County Route 46 (William Floyd Parkway) in central Suffolk County—which would have been updated to Interstate Highway standards. It would also provide easier access to New York City via the Long Island Expressway (I-495), as well as to the Hamptons via New York State Route 27 (Sunrise Highway). The various proposals for this never-built extension were ultimately dropped after a 1979 study of the concept.[46] Following this, officials proposed to connect the New Haven and Shoreham–Wading River areas by means of ferry service across the Long Island Sound—however, the plans to implement these cross-sound ferry services were ultimately mothballed, as well.[47]

Despite the cancelation of the bridge, many Long Islanders are still in favor of building one.[48] In 2000, a survey was conducted by News 12 Networks and Newsday, which found that the majority (63 percent) of Long Islanders were in support of such a project.[48]

In 2016, the proposal was again renewed by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, as either a bridge or a tunnel.[48] However, these plans were also dropped, as announced by the New York State Department of Transportation in 2018.[48]

Exit list

[edit]

All interchanges in Massachusetts were to be renumbered to milepost-based numbers under a project scheduled to start in 2016. However, this project was indefinitely postponed until November 18, 2019, when the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) confirmed that, beginning in the middle of 2020, the exit renumbering project will begin.[49][26] On March 1, 2021, MassDOT confirmed that the exit renumbering on I-91 will start on March 3, and it will last for two weeks. In 2020, Vermont added "milepoint exit" numbers to existing signs, essentially marking each interchange with two exit numbers.[50] Connecticut will not implement the new exit numbers on I-91 until approximately 2027.[51]


StateCountyLocation[16][52]mi[16][53][54]kmOld exit
[55]		New exit
[56]		DestinationsNotes
ConnecticutNew HavenNew Haven0.000.00—1A
 I-95 south – New York City		Southern terminus
0.090.1411BOak Street Connector (SR 724 west) – Downtown New HavenSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; signed as MLK Boulevard; former Route 34
—1C
 I-95 north – New London		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 48 on I-95
0.631.0121DHamilton StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
0.99–
1.02		1.59–
1.64		31ETrumbull Street
1.302.094 (SB)
5 (NB)		1F
 US 5 north (State Street) – Fair Haven		US 5 not signed southbound; southern terminus of US 5
1.44–
2.15		2.32–
3.46		62A US 5 / Willow Street / Blatchley AvenueUS 5 not signed northbound
72Ferry Street – Fair HavenSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
2.784.4782B

 Route 17 north (Middletown Avenue) / Route 80 east – North Branford		Southern terminus of Route 17; western terminus of Route 80
North Haven4.817.7494Montowese Avenue
6.6310.67106
 Route 40 north – Mount Carmel, Hamden, Cheshire		Cheshire not signed southbound; also serves Quinnipiac University; southern terminus and exits 1C-A on Route 40
7.7212.42117 Route 22 – North HavenNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
8.5813.81128 US 5 (Washington Avenue)
Wallingford10.9417.611310
 To US 5 – Wallingford, North Haven		Access via SR 702
12.3019.791413 Route 150 (Woodhouse Avenue) – WallingfordNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
13.2521.32 Route 150 / East Center Street – WallingfordSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
16.0125.771516 Route 68 – Yalesville, Durham
Meriden19.2230.931619AEast Main StreetNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
18.8730.371719B

 I-691 west / Route 15 north (Wilbur Cross Parkway)		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; Wilbur Cross Pkwy. signed as Berlin Tpke.
19.7431.77
 Route 15 south (Wilbur Cross Parkway) / East Main Street		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 68N on Route 15 / Wilbur Cross Parkway
20.1132.361820
 Route 66 east – Middlefield, Middletown		No southbound exit; western terminus of Route 66


 I-691 west / Route 15 north (Wilbur Cross Parkway) – Meriden, Waterbury		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; Wilbur Cross Pkwy. signed as Berlin Tpke.; exit 1A on I-691
21.1434.021921Baldwin Avenue / Preston AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
MiddlesexMiddletown23.1637.272023Country Club Road / Middle Street
Cromwell25.7441.422125 Route 372 – Cromwell, Berlin
27.28–
27.43		43.90–
44.14		2227 Route 9 – New Britain, Middletown, Old SaybrookSigned as exits 27A (north) and 27B (south); exits 29-30 on Route 9
HartfordRocky Hill29.3947.302329
 To Route 3 – Rocky Hill		Access via SSR 411
31.6750.972431 Route 99 – Wethersfield, Rocky HillFormer Route 9
Wethersfield33.67–
34.13		54.19–
54.93		2533 Route 3 – Glastonbury, WethersfieldSigned as exits 33A (north) and 33B (south) southbound; no northbound access to Route 3 south; exits 11A-B on Route 3
2634Old WethersfieldAccess via Marsh Street
Hartford35.54–
36.55		57.20–
58.82		2735A Brainard Road / Airport Road (SR 530 west)Northbound exit and southbound entrance
28-2935B-36

 US 5 / Route 15 to I-84 east (US 6 east / US 44 east) / Berlin Turnpike – Wethersfield, Newington, East Hartford, Boston		Signed as exits 35B (south) and 36 (north); no southbound access to Route 15 north; US 5/Berlin Turnpike not signed northbound
37.5560.4329A37Capitol AreaAccess via SR 598; former proposed I-484; northbound left exit
38.18–
38.47		61.44–
61.91		3238 I-84 (US 6 / US 44) / Trumbull Street – WaterburySigned as exits 38A (west) and 38B (east); I-84 east not signed; exits 50-52 on I-84
3038C


 I-84 east (US 6 east / US 44 east) to Route 2 east – East Hartford, New London		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 51 on I-84
3138DState StreetNo northbound exit; access via Route 2
39.5563.65♦Leibert RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance for HOV only; southern terminus of HOV lanes
39.8664.153339Jennings Road
Windsor41.1466.213441
 Route 159 north (Windsor Avenue) / Main Street		Signed for Route 159 northbound, Main Street southbound; southern terminus of Route 159
42.20–
42.22		67.91–
67.95		3542
 I-291 east / Route 218 – Windsor, Bloomfield, Manchester		Signed as exits 42A (I-291) and 42B (Route 218); exits 1A-C on I-291
42.2267.95♦ Route 218 – WindsorNorthbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV only
43.5270.043643 Route 178 (Park Avenue) – Bloomfield
44.5071.623744 Route 305 (Bloomfield Avenue) – Windsor CenterAdditional northbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV lanes
45.9974.01♦ Route 75 – PoquonockNorthbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV only
3845 Route 75 / Day Hill Road – Poquonock, WindsorSigned as exits 45B (Day Hill Road) and 45A (Route 75) southbound
46.69–
46.98		75.14–
75.61		Northern terminus of HOV lanes
Windsor Locks47.4476.3539-4147Kennedy Road to Center StreetNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
48.2277.604048
 Route 20 west – Bradley International Airport		Eastern terminus of Route 20
48.6278.2541-3948ACenter StreetSouthbound exit only
49.5879.794249 Route 159 – Windsor Locks
Connecticut River49.58–
49.90		79.79–
80.31		Dexter Coffin Bridge
East Windsor50.3381.004450 US 5 – East Windsor
51.0982.224551 Route 140 – Warehouse Point, Ellington
Enfield52.7484.884652 US 5 (King Street)
55.5789.434755 Route 190 – Hazardville, Somers, SuffieldSigned as exits 55A (east) and 55B (west)
56.1090.284856 Route 220 (Elm Street) – Thompsonville
57.7392.914957 US 5 (Enfield Street) – Longmeadow, MA
 58.00
0.000		93.34
0.000		Connecticut–Massachusetts state line
MassachusettsHampdenSpringfield3.8366.173—1
 US 5 south – Forest Park, Longmeadow		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; southern end of US 5 concurrency
3.6945.945—2
 Route 83 south – Forest Park, East Longmeadow		No southbound exit
4.1426.666—3


 US 5 north to Route 57 west / East Columbus Avenue – West Springfield, Agawam		Columbus Avenue not signed southbound; northern end of US 5 concurrency
4.5687.3515
4		4Broad Street / Main StreetNorthbound exit only
4.7227.599
 Route 83 south (Main Street) – East Longmeadow		Southbound exit only
5.2538.45465AUnion Street / MGM Way – Downtown SpringfieldSigned as exit 5 northbound; Union Street not signed northbound
5.9899.63875BHall of Fame Avenue – Downtown SpringfieldSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
6.29510.13186



 I-291 east / US 20 east to I-90 east / Mass Pike east – Boston		I-90 not signed southbound; western terminus and exits 1A-B on I-291
6.67710.74697

 US 20 west / Route 20A east – West Springfield, Westfield		No southbound exit; signed as exits 7A (east) and 7B (west)
7.17611.54910
11		8 Route 116 (Main Street)Northbound exit and entrance
7.48112.040

 Birnie Avenue to US 20 west – West Springfield		Southbound exit only
Chicopee8.28913.340129
 I-391 north – Chicopee, Holyoke		Southern terminus and exits 1A-B on I-391
West Springfield9.177–
9.184		14.769–
14.780		1310 US 5 (Riverdale Street) – West SpringfieldSigned as exits 10A (north) and 10B (south)
11.54718.5831411
 US 5 to I-90 / Mass Pike – Boston, Albany, NY		US 5 not signed
Holyoke12.39619.9491512Lower Westfield Road – Ingleside
14.21822.8821614 US 202 – Holyoke, South Hadley
15.18824.4431715 Route 141 – Holyoke, EasthamptonSigned as exits 15A (east) and 15B (west) northbound[56]
HampshireNorthampton22.81636.7191823 US 5 – Northampton, EasthamptonAlso serves Smith College
24.76039.8471925 Route 9 – Hadley, AmherstNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; also serves Cooley Dickinson Hospital, Northampton VA Hospital
26.01641.8692026 US 5 / Route 9 / Route 10 – Northampton, HadleySouthbound exit and northbound entrance
27.27743.8982127 US 5 / Route 10 – Hatfield
Hatfield29.93848.1812230 US 5 / Route 10 – North Hatfield, WhatelyNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
FranklinWhately32.30951.9962332 US 5 / Route 10 – Whately, North HatfieldSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
34.70955.8592435
 US 5 / Route 10 to Route 116 – Deerfield, Conway		No northbound entrance
Deerfield35.89157.7612536 Route 116 – Deerfield, ConwaySouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Greenfield43.01169.2192643

 Route 2 west / Route 2A east – Greenfield Center, North Adams		Southern end of Route 2 concurrency; also serves John W. Olver Transit Center, Mass MoCA, Shelburne Falls, Bridge of Flowers
45.75273.6312746
 Route 2 east – Boston		Northern end of Route 2 concurrency; left exit and entrance southbound
Bernardston50.36081.0472850 Route 10 – Bernardston, NorthfieldSigned as exits 50A (north) and 50B (south) northbound[56]
 54.90
0.000		88.35
0.000		Massachusetts–Vermont state line
VermontWindhamBrattleboro7.48012.03817
 US 5 to VT 142 – Brattleboro, Guilford		Also serves Vernon and Hinsdale, NH
9.09514.63728
 VT 9 west – Brattleboro, Bennington		Also serves Manchester via VT 30, Marlboro College, and Wilmington
11.55018.588311
 US 5 / VT 9 east – Brattleboro, Keene NH		Also serves World Learning SIT Graduate Institute
Putney17.95228.891418 US 5 – PutneyAlso serves Landmark College
Town of Westminster28.61046.043528

 To US 5 / VT 123 – Westminster, Bellows Falls, Walpole, NH
Rockingham35.20056.649635
 VT 103 to US 5 – Rockingham, Rutland, Bellows Falls		Also serves Chester and Ludlow
WindsorSpringfield41.69067.094741 US 5 / VT 11 – SpringfieldAlso serves Charlestown, NH and the Fort at Number 4
Weathersfield51.37082.672851

 VT 131 to US 5 / VT 12 – Ascutney, Windsor		Also serves Ludlow and Claremont, NH; Romaine Tenney Memorial Park at exit
Hartland60.45097.285960 US 5 / VT 12 – Hartland, WindsorAlso serves Woodstock and Killington
Hartford69.810112.3481069 I-89 – Concord, NH, Barre, MontpelierSigned as exits 69A (south) and 69B (north); exits 1A-B on I-89
70.200112.9761170 US 5 – White River JunctionAlso serves VA Hospital
72.010115.8891272
 To US 5 – Wilder, White River Junction
Norwich74.830120.4271374 US 5 / VT 10A – Norwich, Hanover, NHAlso serves Montshire Museum of Science
OrangeThetford84.210135.5231484
 VT 113 to US 5 – Thetford		Also serves Chelsea and Lyme, NH
Fairlee91.540147.3191591 US 5 – Fairlee, Orford, NHAlso serves Lake Morey and Lake Fairlee
Bradford97.630157.1201697
 VT 25 to US 5 – Bradford, Barre		Also serves Newbury and Piermont, NH
Town of Newbury110.340177.57517110
 US 302 to US 5 – Wells River, Woodsville, NH		Also serves South Ryegate and Groton
CaledoniaBarnet120.450193.84518120
 To US 5 – Barnet, Peacham		Also serves West Barnet, Monroe, NH, McIndoe Falls, and East Ryegate
St. Johnsbury128.250206.39819128
 I-93 south – Littleton, NH		Tri-stack interchange; northern terminus and exits 11A-B on I-93
128.890207.42820129 US 5 – St. Johnsbury, Passumpsic
130.600210.18021130 US 2 – St. Johnsbury, MontpelierAlso serves Danville and Hardwick
132.550213.31922132
 To US 5 – St. Johnsbury
Lyndon137.110220.65723137
 US 5 to VT 114 – Lyndonville, East Burke		Also serves Lyndon State College
140.178225.59524139

 VT 122 to US 5 / VT 114 – Sheffield, Burke, Lyndonville		Also serves Caledonia County Airport
OrleansBarton155.950250.97725155
 VT 16 to US 5 – Barton, Glover		Also serves Hardwick and Crystal Lake
Barton–Orleans–
Irasburg tripoint		161.410259.76426161 US 5 / VT 58 – Orleans, IrasburgAlso serves Lake Willoughby and Jay
Derby170.060273.68527170

 VT 191 to US 5 / VT 105 – Newport		Also serves Lake Memphremagog
172.400277.45128172 US 5 / VT 105 – Newport, Derby CenterAlso serves Seymour Lake and Lake Memphremagog
177.269285.28729177
 To US 5 – Derby Line		Last exit in the United States
177.432285.549Derby Line–Rock Island Border Crossing
A-55 north – Magog, Sherbrooke, MontréalContinuation into Quebec
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
A highway interchange with 6 roads visible with several cars on the road. A building is on the left side of the interchange.
I-91 looking north in Downtown Hartford at the I-84 interchange. The Bulkeley Bridge is visible to the right.

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Miller Run feeds southeast into the Passumpsic River.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  2. ^ "New Haven, CT" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  3. ^ "Background Information on the Interstate". Town of Berlin, Connecticut. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  4. ^ Rogers, Barbara (2003). Massachusetts Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 9780762726059. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2019 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Nahrgang, Vernon (2003). Fodor's91 New England. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 359. ISBN 9780679019367. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2019 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Boyle, Doe (2011). Fun with the Family Connecticut: Hundreds of Ideas for Day Trips with the Kids. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7627-6879-0. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b Bureau of Planning and Research (August 1984). I-91 Reconstruction from Hartford to Enfield; I-291 Construction from Windsor to Manchester: Environmental Impact Statement. [Wethersfield, CT]: [Connecticut Department of Transportation]. p. 49. OCLC 53099516. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d "Highway Log" (PDF). Connecticut Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  9. ^ Connecticut Department of Transportation. "ConnDOT: Nighttime Installation of Rumble Strips on Route 40 in North Haven and Hamden and I-91 in Wallingford". Connecticut Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  10. ^ "Route 9 Interchange" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d "Interchanges" (PDF). ctps.org. Boston region Metropolitan Planning Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  12. ^ "Interstate Route I-91 Corridor Planning Study" (PDF). pvpc.org. Pioneer Valley Planning Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  13. ^ Connecticut Department of Transportation. "Department of Transportation Event Detail". www.ct.gov. The State of Connecticut. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  14. ^ Glaze, Mark; Perritt, Karen (June 28, 2017). "I-84 HOV Lanes-Hartford, Connecticut". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  15. ^ a b Olia, Maria (2013). Insiders' Guide to Massachusetts. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-0163-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Google Bools.
  16. ^ a b c d Planning Division (2012). "Route Selection Page". Massachusetts Route Log Application. Massachusetts Department of Transportation. I-91 NB. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  17. ^ "I-91 Springfield viaduct project ahead of schedule". Greenfield Recorder. January 2, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  18. ^ Fay, Tony (April 8, 2016). "Cone Zone Alert: Interstate 91 Exit 8". Springfield, Massachusetts: WWLP-TV. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  19. ^ "I-91 to 40 Old State Rd" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  20. ^ "Service Plaza Locations". Mass.gov. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  21. ^ "Concurrent Roads" (PDF). ctps.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  22. ^ "Interstate 91 in Vermont" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  23. ^ Tree, Christina; Foulds, Diane E. (2009). Explorer's Guide Vermont. The Countryman Press. ISBN 9780881508482. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  24. ^ Tree, Christina; Hamm, Christine; Imbrie, Katherine (2010). Explorer's Guide New Hampshire. The Countryman Press. ISBN 9780881508413. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  25. ^ "Vermont Border to Franklin Pierce Highway" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c "Vermont I-91 Exits" (PDF). vtransmaps.vermont.gov. Vermont Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  27. ^ "I-91 to I-91" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  28. ^ Halvorsen, Lisa; O'Brien, Pat Goudey; Tree, Christina (2018). Explorer's Guide Vermont (Fifteenth ed.). The Countryman Press. ISBN 9781682681671. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  29. ^ "White River Junction to St. Johnsbury" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  30. ^ "Passumpsic River Valley" (PDF). dec.vermont.gov. Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  31. ^ "Trucker's Exit Guide to Interstate 91" (PDF). truckerguide.com. Trucker Guide Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  32. ^ "Highest Elevation on I-91 - Sheffield, Vermont - Elevation Signs on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Waymarking. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  33. ^ "I-91 to 1 Autoroute 55" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  34. ^ Stallings, Doug (2004). Fodor's Where to Weekend Around Boston, 1st Edition. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 197. ISBN 9781400013012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  35. ^ "I-91 to 1 Autoroute 55 Route 5 Parallel" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  36. ^ "Interstate 91 Traffic Statistics" (PDF). vtrans.vermont.gov. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  37. ^ "Building of Vermont section". digital.vpr.net. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  38. ^ a b "I-91 Springfield: MassDOT answers your questions about Interstate 91 reconstruction". masslive.com. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  39. ^ a b Madden, Steve. "Spanning the Sound". Newsday. Archived from the original on July 10, 2004. Retrieved September 18, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  40. ^ Division for Historic Preservation (n.d.). "Vermont History Timeline". HistoricVermont.org. Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  41. ^ "Drugs, Sex Force Rest Stop Closure". Rutland Herald. Associated Press. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
  42. ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont (n.d.). "Border Patrol Stops". American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  43. ^ The Republican Editorials (February 26, 2010). "Editorial: Tapping Potential of Springfield's Riverfront". MassLive. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  44. ^ Office of Planning and Economic Development (2008). "River's Landing Project". City of Springfield, MA. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  45. ^ Fay, Tony (January 29, 2016). "Long term solutions: What could become of I-91 in Springfield?". Springfield, Massachusetts: WWLP-TV. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  46. ^ Stannard, Charles (May 14, 2002). "The Bridge That Never Was: Cable Flap Brings To Mind Sound-Crossing Controversy". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  47. ^ Anderson, Steve. "William Floyd Parkway". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.[self-published source]
  48. ^ a b c d "Shoreham-New Haven Bridge (I-91, unbuilt)". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.[self-published source]
  49. ^ Commonwealth of Massachusetts (2015). "Bid Solicitation FAP# HSIP-002S(874) Exit Signage Conversion to Milepost-Based Numbering System along Various Interstates, Routes and the Lowell Connector". COMMBUYS. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  50. ^ "Vermont Exit Numbering". Vermont Agency of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  51. ^ "Exit Renumbering: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Connecticut Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  52. ^ Division of Policy, Planning and Intermodal Development. "General Highway Maps". Vermont Agency of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  53. ^ Policy, Planning and Intermodal Development Division Traffic Research Unit (May 2013). 2012 (Route Log) AADTs for State Highways (PDF). Montpelier: Vermont Agency of Transportation. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  54. ^ Bureau of Policy and Planning Data Inventory and Statewide Coordination Division of Systems Information (December 31, 2014). Highway Log: Connecticut State Numbered Routes And Roads as of December 31, 2014 (PDF). Hartford: Connecticut Department of Transportation. pp. 163–172. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  55. ^ "Exit Numbers and Names: Route I-91 (Longmeadow to Bernardston)". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  56. ^ a b c "I-91 Renumbering" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Transportation. December 5, 2019. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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