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Neighbourhood (mathematics)

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A set in the plane is a neighbourhood of a point if a small disc around is contained in The small disc around is an open set

In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.

Definitions

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Neighbourhood of a point

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If is a topological space and is a point in then a neighbourhood[1] of is a subset of that includes an open set containing ,

This is equivalent to the point belonging to the topological interior of in

The neighbourhood need not be an open subset of When is open (resp. closed, compact, etc.) in it is called an open neighbourhood[2] (resp. closed neighbourhood, compact neighbourhood, etc.). Some authors[3] require neighbourhoods to be open, so it is important to note their conventions.

A closed rectangle does not have a neighbourhood on any of its corners or its boundary since there is no open set containing any corner.

A set that is a neighbourhood of each of its points is open since it can be expressed as the union of open sets containing each of its points. A closed rectangle, as illustrated in the figure, is not a neighbourhood of all its points; points on the edges or corners of the rectangle are not contained in any open set that is contained within the rectangle.

The collection of all neighbourhoods of a point is called the neighbourhood system at the point.

Neighbourhood of a set

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If is a subset of a topological space , then a neighbourhood of is a set that includes an open set containing ,It follows that a set is a neighbourhood of if and only if it is a neighbourhood of all the points in Furthermore, is a neighbourhood of if and only if is a subset of the interior of A neighbourhood of that is also an open subset of is called an open neighbourhood of The neighbourhood of a point is just a special case of this definition.

In a metric space

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A set in the plane and a uniform neighbourhood of
The epsilon neighbourhood of a number on the real number line.

In a metric space a set is a neighbourhood of a point if there exists an open ball with center and radius such that is contained in

is called a uniform neighbourhood of a set if there exists a positive number such that for all elements of is contained in

Under the same condition, for the -neighbourhood of a set is the set of all points in that are at distance less than from (or equivalently, is the union of all the open balls of radius that are centered at a point in ):

It directly follows that an -neighbourhood is a uniform neighbourhood, and that a set is a uniform neighbourhood if and only if it contains an -neighbourhood for some value of

Examples

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The set M is a neighbourhood of the number a, because there is an ε-neighbourhood of a which is a subset of M.

Given the set of real numbers with the usual Euclidean metric and a subset defined as then is a neighbourhood for the set of natural numbers, but is not a uniform neighbourhood of this set.

Topology from neighbourhoods

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The above definition is useful if the notion of open set is already defined. There is an alternative way to define a topology, by first defining the neighbourhood system, and then open sets as those sets containing a neighbourhood of each of their points.

A neighbourhood system on is the assignment of a filter of subsets of to each in such that

  1. the point is an element of each in
  2. each in contains some in such that for each in is in

One can show that both definitions are compatible, that is, the topology obtained from the neighbourhood system defined using open sets is the original one, and vice versa when starting out from a neighbourhood system.

Uniform neighbourhoods

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In a uniform space is called a uniform neighbourhood of if there exists an entourage such that contains all points of that are -close to some point of that is, for all

Deleted neighbourhood

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A deleted neighbourhood of a point (sometimes called a punctured neighbourhood) is a neighbourhood of without For instance, the interval is a neighbourhood of in the real line, so the set is a deleted neighbourhood of A deleted neighbourhood of a given point is not in fact a neighbourhood of the point. The concept of deleted neighbourhood occurs in the definition of the limit of a function and in the definition of limit points (among other things).[4]

See also

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  • Isolated point – Point of a subset S around which there are no other points of S
  • Neighbourhood system – (for a point x) collection of all neighborhoods for the point x
  • Region (mathematics) – Connected open subset of a topological space
  • Tubular neighbourhood – neighborhood of a submanifold homeomorphic to that submanifold’s normal bundle

Notes

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  1. ^ Willard 2004, Definition 4.1.
  2. ^ Dixmier, Jacques (1984). General Topology. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Translated by Sterling K. Berberian. Springer. p. 6. ISBN 0-387-90972-9. According to this definition, an open neighborhood of is nothing more than an open subset of that contains
  3. ^ Engelking 1989, p. 12.
  4. ^ Peters, Charles (2022). "Professor Charles Peters" (PDF). University of Houston Math. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

References

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